Chapter 2

Question 1

5 models of psychology

Answer 1

psychodynamic

biological

cognitive behavioral

humanistic-existential

sociocultural

Question 2

psychodynamic model

Answer 2

Freud ; therapist is “interpreter”

strongly influenced the first DSM

Question 3

core principles of psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

childhood experiences determines adult psyche (psychosexual stage development ; fixation)

human behavior driven by unconscious motives (3 core parts of the mind)

defense mechanisms

Question 4

psychosexual stage development

Answer 4

[psychodynamic]

satisfaction focused on a particular area in the body

oral (age 0-1; biting, sucking,, chewing, etc. –> addiction)

anal (age 1-3; holding/withholding feces –> control/OCD)

phallic (age 3-6; primary sex organs, Oedipus –> deviance, sexual dysfunction)

Question 5

fixation

Answer 5

[psychodynamic]

failure to “pass” developmental stage

stuck in psychosexual stage which causes problems in life adaptation

Question 6

3 core parts of the mind (psychodynamic)

Answer 6

unconscious forces create internal conflict

id (pleasure principle; what you want to do; create/destroy)

superego (morality principle; what you shouldn’t do; punishes)

ego (reality principle; what you can do; plans/compromises)

Question 7

defense mechanisms

Answer 7

[psychodynamic]

repression/denial (push desire out of awareness)

projection (blame another person for having desire)

displacement (redirect desire to appropriate object)

reaction formation (behave opposite of desire)4

Question 8

4 steps common to many psychodynamic therapies

Answer 8

use of projective techniques to learn unconscious drives

therapist’s interpretation of the meaning of your actions/struggles

working through resistance

catharsis of internal conflict (relief after acceptance)

Question 9

projective techniques to learn unconscious drives

Answer 9

[psychodynamic]

free association (saying whatever comes to mind without censoring thoughts in order to know unconscious material)

transference (when client reacts to therapist as if he or she is an important figure from childhood)

dreams

Question 10

biological model

Answer 10

medical perspective; therapist is “doctor”

increasingly informs the DSM now

Question 11

3 key areas of malfunction or imbalance (biological)

Answer 11

brain anatomy

brain chemistry

genes

Question 12

core functions of left and right hemispheres

Answer 12

work together to function well

left: language, analytic thinking, details

right: emotion, intuition, the big picture

Question 13

core functions of cerebral cortex and frontal lobe

Answer 13

cerebral cortex: awareness, attention

frontal lobe: planning, organization, decision-making

Question 14

core functions of forebrain/limbic system

Answer 14

regulation

hippocampus: memory

amygdala: emotion

Question 15

how do methyl and histones modify gene expression?

Answer 15

methyl: ON/OFF gene switch

histones: dimension/volume (like a light dimmer)

Question 16

cognitive behavioral model

Answer 16

explanations and treatments grounded in principles of learning ; therapist is “teacher”

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

[cognitive behavioral]

positive/negative reinforcement

positive/negative punishment

Question 18

modeling

Answer 18

[cognitive behavioral]

observation and imitation

Question 19

classical conditioning

Answer 19

[cognitive behavioral]

conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Question 20

cognitive distortions

Answer 20

[cognitive behavioral]

all or nothing

jumping to conclusions

magnification/minimizing

emotional reasoning (translating emotions to cognitive reasoning; “i feel bad so it is bad”)

Question 21

functional analysis

Answer 21

[cognitive behavioral therapy]

evaluating antecedents and consequences of a behavior to help modify problematic behavior (mainly operant conditioning)

Ex. Ellis’ Rational Emotive Restructuring therapy, Beck’s depression therapy, systematic desensitization

Question 22

Beck’s depression therapy

Answer 22

[cognitive behavioral]

challenge thoughts and assertiveness training

self (“i am worthless”)

future (“i will never be good”)

world (“everyone hates me”)

Question 23

humanistic-existential model

Answer 23

phenomenology and free will ; therapist is “observer”

conscious human experience and choice are most important

most strongly influences therapeutic relationships and clinical ethics

Question 24

cause of psychopathology according to humanistic-existential model

Answer 24

conditions of worth (“I’m good only if…”) create anxiety and depression

self deception (not accepting responsibility, meaninglessness, etc.) creates psychological struggle

Question 25

client-centered therapy

Answer 25

[humanistic-existential]

Carl Rogers’ supportive climate

unconditional positive regard

accurate empathy

genuineness

Question 26

sociocultural model

Answer 26

emphasis on norms and roles in family and society ; therapist as “advocate”

culture specific disorders

psychopathology often caused by prejudice and discrimination

Question 27

Thomas Sazs’ critique of abnormality

Answer 27

[sociocultural]

psychological disorders are a way society enforces cultural norms and maintains existing distribution of power

Question 28

societal context of psychopathology

Answer 28

[sociocultural]

culture (routine practices shared by a group)

family systems (abnormal family functioning leads to abnormal behavior)

Question 29

2 dimensions of family circumplex

Answer 29

[sociocultural - family systems]

enmeshed-disengaged

rigid-chaotic

Question 30

triangulation

Answer 30

[sociocultural - family systems]

avoid talking one-on-one

teaming up against each other