Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 191 > Chapter 37 > Flashcards

Chapter 37 Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ is any organic or inorganic substance that is required for growth, survival, development, etc..

A

nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 phases of food processing in animal:

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 categories of organic nutrients:

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acid
  5. vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 purposes of ingested organic molecules?

A
  1. energy released to synthesize ATP

2. building blocks for new molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 groups of essential nutrients?

which must be obtained in ____

A

obtained in diet in their complete form

  1. Essential amino acid (9)
  2. Essential fatty acid (plants)
  3. Minerals (cofactors, for bone, muscle function)
  4. vitamins (coenzymes, water vs fat-soluble)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

[Feeding Habits]

3 ways animals process nutrients:

  1. ____ consume plants
  2. ____ consume animal, flesh
  3. ____ consume both plant & animal
    * they can also be ___-feeders, ____feeders, or ___-feeders*
A
  1. herbivores
  2. carnivores
  3. omnivores
    * filter, bulk, fluid*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Food is digested ___ or ____

Which is the major strategy?

A

intracellularly or extracellularly

*extracellularly *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The simplest form of extracellular digestion?

A

Gastrovascular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ is a long tube w single opening as mouth & anus

A

Gastrovascular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ digestion occurs in simple invertebrates.

____ is used to bring small particles into the cell

A

Intracellular

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The alimentary canal contains 3 components:

  1. ____ ____helps churn food
  2. lined by ____ ____ that synthesize & secrete digestive enzymes
  3. ____ ____ are acidic environment - can be separated & store undigested food
A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Epithelial Cells
  3. specialized regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of epithelial cell in alimentary canal

A

that synthesize & secrete digestive enzymes and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

After food is digested, nutrients must be absorbed by ____ (3).

which required transport proteins & energy?

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
    * both 2,3 need transport protein. But only 3 need energy*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What substances can be moved within these?

  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
A

1, fatty acids

  1. organic nutrients
  2. minerals, nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nutrients in alimentary canal cells are transported into ____ for the rest of the body.

A

BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The vertebrate digestive system consists of ___ (3)

A
  1. alimentary canal (GI tract)
  2. accessory glands
  3. organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify the GI tract components

A

onenote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[Alimentary canal]

  1. ___ end: ingest food
    - structure:?
  2. ___: storage, initial digestion, absorption
    - structure?
  3. __ end: eliminate non-digested waste
    - structure?
A
  1. anterior
    - mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus
  2. middle section
    - crop, gizzard, stomach, start of small intestine
  3. posterior
    - large intestine, end of small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

[Terrestrial vertebrates]

food stimulates ___ ____ to produce saliva, which contains ____ (3)

A

salivary glands

  1. proteins
  2. mucus
  3. antimicrobial substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

  1. for swallowing
  2. facilitate tase
  3. kill ___
  4. initiate ___ digestion with ____
A
  1. moisten & lubricate food
  2. dissolve food particles
  3. ingested bacteria
  4. carbohydrate - salivary amylase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Movement of food through esophagus to organ:

What first move food along the esophagus?

A

Pharynx –> esophagus

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peristalsis is a rhythmic waves of ____ ____ contraction that propel food along the ____

A

smooth muscle - esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In some animals, food enters ___ instead moving directly from the esophagus

A

CROP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_ 1__ is a storage organ found in most ___ & ____.

  1. Function of (1)?
A
  1. CROP - birds and invertebrates

2. store and soften food by water secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A ___ is a muscular, saclike organ that stores food & helps break up food into smaller pieces

A

STOMACH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the stomach, there is ___ gland.

-what does it secrete?

A

GASTRIC

  • Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

[GASTRIC GLAND]

Function of:

  1. HCl (4)
    * what controlled HCl production?*
A
  1. Facilitate the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
    - kills microorganisms
    - dissolve food
    - unfold proteins

hormones and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[GASTRIC GLAND]

Function of:

  1. Pepsinogen
    * is converted to ____- which is ___
A
  1. pepsin - enzyme that breaks down protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pepsin and HCl reduce food to ____, a pulpy fluid

A

CHYME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Does absorption occurs in the stomach?

A

Mostly no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In birds the stomach is divided into 2 parts:

[function of each]

A
  1. Proventriculus - secrete acid & enzymes

2. Gizzard - grind food into small fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The glandular portion of the bird’s stomach is ?

A

proventriculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The muscular structure of the bird’s stomach is __

A

Gizzard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

___ contains tiny stones that act as teeth in birth to grind and ingest food

A

Gizzard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Protein digestion begins in the ___

A

STOMACH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

____ is a macromolecule of plant cell walls and important part of the herbivores and omnivores’ diets

A

CELLULOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_____ has no enzymes to digest cellulose. Instead they have ____ in digestive tract.

A

Ruminants - microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sheep, goats, llamas, cows are called ____

A

Ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Instead of enzymes, ruminants have ____ for cellulose digestion

A

microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ruminants have 3 pouches arising from ____:

A

ESOPHAGUS

  1. Reticulum
  2. Omasum
  3. Rumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

]Function of 3 pouches in Ruminants]

Rumen + Reticulum ?
Omasum?

A

Rumen + Reticulum : storage + processing sites

Omasum: absorbs water & ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

[Ruminants]

The true stomach is called ____.

  • secrete ___ & ____
  • connects to ___
A

Abomasum

  • acid & protease
  • intestines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What nutrients are digested and absorbed? (7)

A

carb, proteins, lipid, nucleic acid, water, vitamin, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

____ enzymes break macromolecules into ____

A

Hydrolytic - monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Enzymes are secrete into ___ or located in ___ of epithelial cells

A

LUMEN -

membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The products of digestion are absorbed across _____ cells

A

epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What features of small intestine increase surface area?

A
  1. Mucosa folded
  2. Villi extend into lumen
  3. Microvilli in the membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

For nutrient transport, each villus contains ___ & ____

A

capillary & lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chyme arrived in duodenum triggers the release of 2 hormones

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Secretin are 2 hormones that regulate the ____

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Function of CCK (Cholecystokinin) ?

  • stimulate____ to secrete ____ into ____
  • stimulate ____ to regulate outflow from pancreatic duct
A

stimulate pancreas to secrete a mix of digestive enzymes into intestine

stimulate muscular sphincter relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Function of Secretin?

-stimulate____ to secrete ____ into ____ ____ to neutralize _____ ____

A

stimulate pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) into small intestine - acidic chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Carbohydrates are digested by ___ & ____

A

Amylase & brush border enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In omnivores, most ingested carbs are: (3)

A

omnivores -

starch, cellulose, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where does digestion of starch and glycogen occur? through what activity?

A

small intestine

pancreatic amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What break down disaccharides?

A

brush border enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What 2 types of transport used during absorption of carbohydrates?

A

Facilitated diffusion & secondary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Starch - digested in ___ & ____ only

Fructose: use ___ diffusion

Glucose + galactose: use __

Amino acid: [enter] by ____ ; [exit] by ____

A
  1. mouth & small intestine
  2. facilitated
  3. secondary active transport coupled with Na+
  4. [Enter] secondary active transport
    [Exit] facilitated diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Pepsin activity cause ____ digestion in the stomach

A

PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Trypsin is a ____ enzyme that digest partially protein in chyme

A

protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the protease enzymes in the small intestine?

A

TRYPSIN

62
Q

Steps of AA broken down

A

Trypsin –> polypeptide fragments –> amino acid [brush border proteases]

63
Q

____ is the most ingested lipid. Its breakdown occurs entirely in ____ via actions of ____

A

Triglycerides

small intestine via actions of pancreatic lipase

64
Q

Lipids are ____ soluble in water –> form ____ ___

Lipase is water ____; acts at the surface of lipid droplets

A

poorly - large droplets

soluble

65
Q

____ increase rate of digestion by increasing fat droplets’ exposure to lipase

A

Emulsification

66
Q

____ emulsifies lipids

A

BILE

67
Q

what produce bile?

what store bile?

A

LIVER

GALLBLADDER

68
Q

which hormones regulate bile secretion?

A

CCK

69
Q

CCK hormone regulates (2)

A
  1. pancreas

2. bile secretion

70
Q

Bile promotes the formation of ____

A

Micelles

71
Q

Function of micelles

-allow ___

A

Allow lipid to diffuse into intestinal cells to incorporated into chylomicrons and enter lacteals

72
Q

[Lipid digestion & absorption]

What are Chylomicrons? and they are released by what?

Chylomicrons enter ____ to be transported to blood

A
  • triglycerides enclosed by Smooth ER coated w water-soluble proteins
  • exocytosis
  • Lacteals
73
Q

List the steps from formation of chylomicrons to their arrival in blood circulation

A

[digestion] - Lipase break down triglyceride into FA + monoglycerides + other stuff –> micelles.

FA + monoglyceride diffuse into epithelial cells

[Absorption] Chylomicrons are formed and released by exocytosis from epithelial cells –> lacteals of villi –> lacteals empty into a large vein –> blood circulation

74
Q

Steps in digestion of disaccharides and absorption of monosaccharides

A

disaccharides break down –> mono absorbed into epithelial cells –> leave by facilitated diffusion –> enter blood stream

75
Q

Function of Large intestine?

A

absorb remaining water & ions to store and concentrate waste

76
Q

Large intestine are categorized into 3 regions:

function of each

A
  1. Cecum - small pouch w appendix
  2. Colon - absorb water & salt + store undigested material
  3. Rectum - stores feces prior to defecation
77
Q

2 alternating phases of metabolism of nutrients

A

Absorptive state and postabsorptive state

78
Q

_____ state occurs when ingested nutrients go from GI tract to blood

____ state occurs when GI tract is empty and animal’s own stores must supply energy

A

Absorptive state

Postabsorptive state

79
Q

Metabolic requirements for animals is greater than human. T or F

A

T

80
Q

2 ways to increase glucose concentrations in blood stream,

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

81
Q

_____ - glycogen –> glucose

_____ - non-carbohydrate sources –> glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

82
Q

What is the major precursor for gluconeogenesis ?

A

GLYCEROL

83
Q

Glycerol is generated when ____ broken down during ____

A

triglycerides

lipolysis

84
Q

• If the postabsorptive state continues for an extended period of time, what become source for gluconeogenesis?

A

PROTEINS

85
Q

which systems are involved in the regulation of the concentration of energy-providing molecules?

A

nervous & endocrine

86
Q

_____ is a hormone made by pancreas that promote transport of ___ from extracellular fluid into cells

A

INSULIN

glucose

87
Q

The concentration of insulin:

_____ during absorptive state

_____ during postabsorptive state

A

increases

decrease

88
Q

Insulin signaling lead to increased ___ ____ in the membrane

A

glucose transporters ( GLUTs)

89
Q

During absorptive state, what regulate the concentration of glucose in blood within normal range ?

A

INSULIN

90
Q

In absorptive state, blood glucose concentration ____

A

increases

91
Q

____ detected high blood glucose concentration in absorptive state

A

Pancreas

92
Q

When pancreas detect high concentration of glucose, what does it do next?

A

secrete insulin into blood

93
Q

[Absorptive state]

How do blood glucose concentration returns to normal?

A

Insulin stimulate transportation of glucose from blood into cells

94
Q

concentration of glucose = secretion of insulin. T or F

A

true

if glucose decreases = insulin secretion decrease

95
Q

[Post absorptive]

Glucose concentration ____

This stimulate the _____ to produce hormone ____ and neurotransmitter ____

A

decreases

hypothalamus
GLUCAGON
Norepinephrine

96
Q

What are the two hormones acts on liver when glucose concentration is low?

A

glucagon and norepinephrine

97
Q

Glucagon and norepinephrine stimulate ____ & ____ to increase glucose level

A

glycogenolysis ( glycogen –> glucose)

Gluconeogenesis ( Glycerol + AA –> glucose)

98
Q

2 mains nutrients available during exercise are:

A

glucose + FA

99
Q

how to Increase availability of nutrients for cells during exercise :

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

100
Q

Excretory system function: (2)

  1. remove ___
  2. regulate ___
A

remove soluble wastes (CO2 + nitrogenous)

regulate H2O + ion balance

101
Q

Nitrogenous ways have 3 forms:

A

Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid

102
Q

Metabolic rxn of which nitrogenous wastes require energy investment?

A

Urea and Uric Acid

103
Q

Urea vs Uric Acid. which require higher energy investment

A

Uric acid

104
Q

Which nitrogenous waste is excreted as semi-solid material

A

uric acid

105
Q

4 processes in the excretory system

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
  4. excretion
106
Q

Invertebrates remove soluble wastes from their body fluids by ____ & ____

A

filtration

secretion

107
Q

Formation of urine in metanephridia of annelids:

A
  1. Nephrostomes collect coelomic fluid
  2. Sodium + cl ions are reabsorbed from tubules into capillaries
  3. Nitrogenous wastes are excreted in a dilute urine from nephridiopores
108
Q

How is insect’s excretory system is different from other invertebrates

A

secretion rather than filtration

109
Q

Excretory organs in:
1. Annelids

  1. Insects
  2. Vertebrates
A
  1. metanephridia
  2. malpighian tubules
  3. kidneys
110
Q

[Insects excretory system]

  1. ions and ___ ___ actively transport into tubule lumen from ___
  2. fluid move to ___, where ions and water are reabsorbed into hemolymph
  3. wastes ____
A
  1. uric acid
  2. intestine (hindgut)
  3. wastes excreted w feces
111
Q

Kidneys function by ____

A

filtration

112
Q

Metanephridia -
Kidneys -
Malpighian tubules -

A

Filtration
Filtration
Secretion

113
Q

The urinary system is a part of ____ system

A

excretory

114
Q

The urinary system includes: (4)

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

115
Q

Kidney has 2 portion: - function of each

A

renal cortex - filtration

renal medulla - reabsorption

116
Q

Function unit of kidneys are _____

A

nephrons

117
Q

Filtration occurs in the ____

Reabsorption & secretion occur in the _____

A

corpuscle

renal tubule

118
Q

The renal corpuscle contains 2 structure:

  1. capillary
  2. membrane
A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

119
Q

In nephron, filtration begins as blood flow through _____

A

glomerulus

120
Q

What is glomerulus? where is it located

A

group of capillaries in nephron inside kidneys

121
Q

Direction of filtrate flow in nephron (5) - details

A
  1. renal corpuscle ( glomerulus & bowman’s capsule)
    * Blood enter glomerulus via afferent arteriole & exit via efferent arteriole *
    * 20% of plasma filters into Bowman’s capsule*
  2. proximal tubule
    * reabsorbed solutes and organic nutrients*
  3. loop of henle
    a. descending limb: permeable to water
    b. ascending limb: permeable to ions
  4. distal tubule
  5. collecting duct
122
Q

Tubules are surrounded by ____ that carry away reabsorbed materials

A

capillaries

123
Q

Blood enters glomerulus via ____ ____ and exits via _____ ____

A

afferent

efferent arteriole

124
Q

What does it mean by glomerular capillaries are fenestrated?

A

have pores to increase rate of filtration

125
Q

What cover glomerular capillaries and influence filtration?

Does it allow movement of large or small solutes?

A

Podocytes

small solutes

126
Q

when 20% of plasma filters into Bowman’s capsule, what remain in the bloodstream

A

proteins and blood

127
Q

GFR is ____

A

rate of filtrate production

128
Q

How to regulate rate of filtration production (GFR)

A

changing diameter of afferent arteriole

129
Q

Changing diameter of the afferent arteriole will

  1. ____ urine formation to excrete excess water
  2. ____ urine in response to dehydration or blood loss
A
  1. increase

2. decrease

130
Q

Where in the nephron do useful solutes are absorbed from filtrate?

A

Proximal tubule

131
Q

[Proximal tubule]

water & solutes enter ___ capillaries and return to blood

A

peritubular

132
Q

[loop of Henle]

In descending limb, what is and is not permeable ?

In ascending limb, what is and is not permeable

A

water, not to Na & Cl

opposite

133
Q

[Loop of Henle]

What drives the osmotic movement of water?

A

ion movement out of ascending limb ==> increase concentration gradient from cortex to medulla

134
Q

Countercurrent multiplication system

ex

A

energy is used during active transport of ions to increase gradient

(concentration gradient that caused by ion movement and concentration gradient)

135
Q

One example of countercurrent exchange system in Loop of Henle

A

ion movemnet out of the ascending limb causing the concentration gradient to increase from cortex to medulla. This drives the osmotic movement of water

136
Q

LOOP OF HENLE DETAIL

A

ONENOTE

137
Q

[Filtrate along the loop of Henle]

Filtrate becomes ____ concentrated as water diffused ____ the water-permeable descending limb of the loop of Henle

A

more concentrated

out of

138
Q

The transportation of Na+ and Cl- diffuse out of the filtrate make the filtrate become ____ dilute

A

MORE

139
Q

The amounts of water and ions ____ when filtrate enter ____ tube of loop of henle

A

decrease

distal tubule

139
Q

The amounts of water and ions ____ when filtrate enter ____ tubule of loop of henle

A

decrease

distal tubule

140
Q

collecting duct is permeable to ____ but not to ____

A

water, not to ions

141
Q

Water diffused out of the _____ limb

Ions diffused out of the ____ limb

Urea & water diffused out of the ____

A

descending limb

ascending limb

collecting duct

142
Q

The concentrations of ions in urine are fine-tuned in ____ & ___

A

distal tubule

cortical collecting duct

143
Q

Function of Aldosterone

A
  1. regulate Na+ & K+ levels by stimulating Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion
144
Q

Aldosterone regulate Na+ & K+ levels by
___ absorption

___ secretion

A

Na+ absorption

K+ secretion

145
Q

Useful solutes that are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the proximal tubule.

A

Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-

146
Q

From the ___ ____ water & solutes enter ____ ____ and return to blood

A

interstitial fluid

peritubular capilaries

147
Q

Aldosterone stimulated ion movements which leads to ____

A

osmotic reabsorption of water

148
Q

The permeability of the Epithelial cells of collecting ducts can be regulated by ___

A

animal’s requirement for retaining or excreting water

149
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts to ___ in epithelial cell membranes

A

increase number of aquaporins

150
Q

High ADH = ____ water absorption = ___ volume of urine

A

MORE

Decrease

151
Q

ADH increases during ____

A

dehydration

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions