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BIOL 191 > BIOL 191 - C30 > Flashcards

BIOL 191 - C30 Flashcards

1
Q

___ substances that are metabolized by or incorporated

into an organism

A

NUTRIENTS

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2
Q

Photosynthetic plants require ___ + ___ + ___

A

H2O, CO2, mineral ions (K, NO3, Ca2+)

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3
Q

Insufficient of ___ +___ +___are key limiting factors in growth of photosynthetic plants

A

insufficient of water, light, co2

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4
Q

C , H , O , N are ___

A

macronutrients

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5
Q

Insufficient amount of essesntial nutrients cause chlorosis which is

A

yellowing of plant tissue

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6
Q

WATER in plants acts as a nutrient and a ___ for mineral nutrients

A

it acts a nutrient

it is a solvent for mineral nutrients

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7
Q

___ helps to cool plantsm

A

evaporation loss of water

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8
Q

Water support plants by ___

A

maintaining hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

___ energy is needed for formation of orgnaic compounds

A

Light energy

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10
Q

___ plants absorb organic compounds

A

heterotrophic

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11
Q

Heterotrophic capacity is an ___ trait

A

ancestral trait

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12
Q

___ limits growth of shaded seedlings

A

Light availability

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13
Q

Bacause light is restricted, tree seedlings rely on food stored in ___

A

seed

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14
Q

__ leaves have thinner mesophyll - since they don’t get much light

A

shade

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15
Q

___ leaves have thicker chlorophyll-rich mesophyll

A

Sun

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16
Q

Taking up CO2 can cause loss of ___

A

H2O

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17
Q

___ conditions make plants vulnerable to low CO2 levels when stomata close to conserve water

A

hot, dry

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18
Q

When stomata are closed, plants cannot absorb ___, which limit ___

A

CO2, photosynthesis

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19
Q

__ + ___ plants run modified photosynthesis

A

C4 & CAM

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20
Q

Besides light, CO2, and H2O, __ is an essential resource for plants

A

soils

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21
Q

Variety of soils (5)

A 
fertility 
ability to support plant growth
degree of aeration 
water-holding capacity
mineral content
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22
Q

___ soil components are derived from the physical & chemical breakdown of rocks

A

Inorganic

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23
Q

the __ is the uppermost layer & is important for plant growth

A

Topsoil

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24
Q

___ & ___ are largely composed of mineral material

A

subsoil & soil base

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25
Q

the ___ is the bottom layer that support soil layer

A

bedrock

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26
Q

Soil layers vary in __ & ___

A

composition & thickness

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27
Q

grassland produce ___ layer of topsoil; whereas tropical rain forests have __layer of topsoil

A

deep / thin

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28
Q

Humus are soil __ matter

A

organic

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29
Q

Where is humus (soil organic matter) derived from ?

A

plat detritus
animal waste
decaying animal bodies

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30
Q

To improve soil fertility, gardeners can ___;

Farmers can

A

utilize compost

plough plant remains back into soil

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31
Q

physical and chemical breakdown of rocks is by cycle of ___ +___

A

freezing & thawing

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32
Q

Inorganic soil matters are derived from

A

P & C breakdown of rock

organic acids released by plant roots or lichens

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33
Q

___ will cause loss of inorganic materials in plants

A

Leeching

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34
Q

what is leeching?

A

removal of inorganic ions when water passes through (percolate) soils.

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35
Q

___ __ can reduce fertility of the soil by leaching nutrients

A

Heavy rainfalls (tropical soils)

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36
Q

Soils are classified by what ___?

A

content of coarse & fine inorganic materials

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37
Q

Rank inorganic particles from largest to smallest

A

SAND - SILT - CLAY

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38
Q

Characteristics of SANDY SOILS

A

porous

allow air & water movement

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39
Q

Characteristics of Silty-Clay soil 1

A

less porous

retain more H2O & minerals

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40
Q

Characteristics of LOAM soils

  1. balance mixture of ___ , ___, ___
  2. the ___ benefits of sandy soils with ___
  3. the ___ ___ benefits of silty-clay soils
A
  1. sand, clay, silt
  2. aeration - water
  3. ion retention
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41
Q

Cation exchange:

Clay particles have ___ charges on surfaces that electrostatically bind ____ charged ions

A

negative

positive

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42
Q

To help release cations, ROOT often release ____ acids.

___ ions released into soil water replace ___ cations on surface of clay particles in a process called ____ ____

___ ions can be leached away

A
  • organic

H+ // mineral // cation exchange

FREE

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43
Q

The role of fertilizers?

- enhance plant growth by ____

A

providing essential elements that are absent or not enough

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44
Q

____ fertilizers are bound to organic molecules & are released slowly

____ fertilizers are in water-soluble form & immediately available.

A

ORGANIC

INORGANIC

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45
Q

Excessive use of fertilizers cause ____ ____ & lead to ____ ____ & ____ in aquatic ecosystems

A

nutrient pollution

toxic bloom & dead zones

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46
Q

___ ____ causes nutrient pollution that can lead to toxic bloom and dead zones

A

excessive use of fertilizers

47
Q

___ ____ limits plant growth in nature & in crop fields

A

nitrogen availability

48
Q

Plants take up ___ ___, that in a chemically combined form as ____ & ____

A

fixed nitrogen

ammonium (NH4) & nitrate (NO3)

49
Q

___ species perform biological ___ ___ , which produced most of fixed nitrogen in soils

A

Prokaryotic

nitrogen fixation

50
Q

In arid lands, nitrogen-fixing ____ occur in surface oil crusts and enhance soil ___

A

cyanobacteria

fertility

51
Q

Nitrogen - fixing bacterial ____ are taken up and fostered in special ___ on the roots of legume plants

A

symbionts

nodules

52
Q

Nitrogen fixation by bacteria:

Many legumes are high in protein because bacteria transfer ___ ____ directly to plant cells

A

fixed nitrogen

53
Q

which nutrient is the source of most of the hydrogen atoms and some of the oxygen atoms in organic compounds

A

WATER

54
Q

Fixed nitrogen can be added to soils by ___ ___ ___

A

air pollution
lightning
fire

55
Q

Plants must transport ___, ___, ____ for short * long distance

A

water, minerals, food

56
Q

Non-photosynthetic cells are (4)

A

roots, flowers, fruits, seeds

57
Q

Materials are taken ___ at the cellular level

A

UP

58
Q

___ transport moves material DOWN its concentration gradient, and does not require energy

___ transport moves material AGAINST its concentration gradient, and does require energy

A

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

59
Q

Passive transport moves material ____ its concentration gradient

  1. ___ diffusion that allow ___ , ____, ____ and other ___ ___ molecules
  2. ___ diffusion (via ___ or ___ ) transport ___ ____ molecules and ___
A

DOWN

  1. Simple - water, O2, CO2, small uncharged
  2. Facilitated - channel or transporter protein - larger organic & ions
60
Q

Active transport moves materials ___ its concentration gradient,

  1. ___ active transport require ____ energy investment via ___ ____
  2. ___ active transport require ____ energy investment; stored energy is releases as ___ moves down its gradients
A

AGAINST

  1. PRIMARY - direct ATP hydrolysis
  2. SECONDARY - indirect - ions
61
Q

___ is the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to difference in solute concentration

A

OSMOSIS

62
Q

____ are channel proteins that facilitate faster water movement across membranes

A

Aquaporins

63
Q

Root use ____ to take up nutrients

A

energy

64
Q

To establish proton gradient, proton pump uses ___ ___ transport,

Proton gradient is used to drive ___ ___ transport of mineral and nutrients

The increase ___ ____ ___ drives the diffusion of water into the cell

A

primary active

secondary active

intracellular solute concentration

65
Q

The water content of plant cells is influenced by ___ ____ & ___ ___

A

solute concentration

turgor pressure

66
Q

___ pressure is hydrostatic pressure, which do what?

turgor pressure increases when water ___ plant cell

A

Turgor - push plasma membrane against cell wall

ENTER

67
Q

Plasmolyzed cell is in ___ solution

Flaccid cell is in ___ solution

turgid cell is in ___ solution

A

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

68
Q

In Hypertonic solution, water ___ –> crenation

In Hypotonic solution, water ___ –> lysis

A

out of the cell

into the cell

69
Q
  1. In plasmolyzed cell:
    plasma membrane____
    water ____
  2. In turgid cell,
    plasma membrane ___
    water ____
  3. In flaccid cell,
    plasma membrane ____
    water ____
A
  1. presses tightly against cell wall
    exits
  2. contort away from the cell wall
    enter
  3. normal
    both in & out
70
Q

Water potential is ___

A

potential energy of water

71
Q

A water potential equation can be used to predict _____

A

direction of cellular water movement

72
Q

Water potential equation:

A

water potential = solute potential (cell) + pressure potential (cell wall/membrane)

73
Q

Solute potential of pure water is ___

A

0

74
Q

Water that contains solutes has a ____ solute potential

  • ____ concentration of solute, ___ solute potential *
A

negative

high , lower

75
Q

Pressure potential is ___

A

component of water potential due to hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in plants is determined by ___

A

the resistance of cell wall

77
Q

The value of pressure potential:

  1. ___ in turgid cell (+1.0 Mpa)
  2. ___ in flaccid or plasmolyzed cell
A
  1. positive

2. zero

78
Q

A cell with a solute potential of -2 and water potential of -1 is ____

A

TURGID

79
Q

A cell with a solute potential of -1 and water potential of -1 in isotonic solution is ____

A

FLACCID

80
Q

A cell with a solute potential of -0.5 and water potential of -0.5 in a hypertonic solution is ____

A

plasmolyzed

81
Q

Apoplastic movement stops at ____

A

endodermis

82
Q

Endodermis forms a barrier to diffusion b/w ___ and ____ of vascular tissue

A

cortex

central core

83
Q

ions & minerals travel through ____ enter endodermal cells

ions & minerals travel through ____are transported by membrane transporters into cytosol of endodermal cells

A

Symplast

Apoplast

84
Q

Root endodermal cells contain water-proof ___ that function as a barrier.
It also prevents ___ solutes from flowing back into the ___ or soil.

A

Suberin

xylem - root cortex

85
Q

Plant use ____ ____ which is the mass movement of liquid molecules by pressure, gravity, or both

A

Bulk Flow

86
Q

What is Bulk Flow?

movement

A

mass movement of liquid molecules by gravity, pressure or both

87
Q

Bulk flow in xylem occurs via ___ pressure, by ___-___ theory

Bulk flow in phloem occurs via ___, by ___-___ concept

A

negative / cohesion -tension

positive / pressure-flow

88
Q

Transpiration is the ____

A

evaporation of water from plant surfaces

89
Q

Negative pressure is generated when ____

A

evaporative water loss at shoot surfaces

90
Q

The ___-____ theory explained how water is transported long distances

A

cohesion-tension

91
Q

Water evaporates from plants is lost through ___

A

stomata

92
Q

To reduce transpirational water loss, plants control 2 things:

A

stomatal opening

leaf drop

93
Q

The shape of ____ cells determine whether pore is open or close

A

guard

94
Q

__ light stimulate H+-ATPase proton pumps –> ____ -> ____ -> cell expansion & stomatal opening

A

BLUE

guard cell uptake ions
osmotic water uptake

95
Q

The hormone ___ can close stomata during the day

A

ABA - abscisic acid

96
Q

Leaf abscission is ____

A

plants drop their leaves in cold & dry climates in the adaption to cope with water stress

97
Q

What causes air bubble in the xylem and why it is dangerous?

A

when plant attempt to transport water even though there are enough. it is dangerous because it prevents bulk flow transport

98
Q

Temperate-zone angiosperms acquired genetic capacity to use ____ ___ to predict onset of ____ conditions & respond with preemptive ____ ___

A

seasonal changes
cold, dry winter
leaf abscission

99
Q

____ stimulates the formation of an abscission zone at the base of petiole

A

Ethylene

100
Q

Abscission zone contains 2 layers

A 
separation layer (thin-walled cells)
protective layer (suberin & cork cells)
101
Q

Pressure-flow hypothesis states that sugars ___

this hypothesis explained the movement of materials in ____ tissue

A

flow from sources –> sinks by differences in turgor pressure.

phloem

102
Q

___ is lea mesophyll tissue that makes sugars

___ non-photosynthetic tissues that use sugars

A

SOURCE

SINKS (roots, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds)

103
Q

____ is the process by which sugars made in leaf mesophyll cells are moved into living cells of phloem

A

sugar loading

104
Q

sugar loading moves sugar from ____ to ____

A

leaf mesophyll cells to living cells of phloem

105
Q

the movement of sugar also causes water to ___ by osmosis cause pressure to ___

A

enter - rise

106
Q

Phloem content flow from ___ solute concentration areas to ____

A

HIGH to LOW

107
Q

Phloem bulk flow based on ___ pressure

Transpiration based on ___ pressure

A

positive

negative

108
Q

Sieve-tube elements are living, food-conducting components of ____

A

Phloem

109
Q

___ cells plays role in loading sugar into the phloem

A

Companion

110
Q

2 types of phloem loading:

A

symplastic & partly apoplastic

111
Q

Symplastic phloem loading occurs in ___ plants

Partly apoplastic phloem loading occurs in ____ plants

A

woody

herbaceous

112
Q

In symplatic phloem loading,

sucrose –> ___ -> ___ -> ____

A

sucrose –> plasmodesmata –> companion cell –> sieve-tube element

113
Q

In partly apoplastic loading,

sugar is loaded from ____

A

intercellular spaces

114
Q

Which need energy?

Transpiration

Sugar Loading

A

Sugar Loading

Transpiration use sun’s energy indirectly to power the process

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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