BIOL 191 - C30 Flashcards
1
Q
___ substances that are metabolized by or incorporated
into an organism
A
NUTRIENTS
2
Q
Photosynthetic plants require ___ + ___ + ___
A
H2O, CO2, mineral ions (K, NO3, Ca2+)
3
Q
Insufficient of ___ +___ +___are key limiting factors in growth of photosynthetic plants
A
insufficient of water, light, co2
4
Q
C , H , O , N are ___
A
macronutrients
5
Q
Insufficient amount of essesntial nutrients cause chlorosis which is
A
yellowing of plant tissue
6
Q
WATER in plants acts as a nutrient and a ___ for mineral nutrients
A
it acts a nutrient
it is a solvent for mineral nutrients
7
Q
___ helps to cool plantsm
A
evaporation loss of water
8
Q
Water support plants by ___
A
maintaining hydrostatic pressure
9
Q
___ energy is needed for formation of orgnaic compounds
A
Light energy
10
Q
___ plants absorb organic compounds
A
heterotrophic
11
Q
Heterotrophic capacity is an ___ trait
A
ancestral trait
12
Q
___ limits growth of shaded seedlings
A
Light availability
13
Q
Bacause light is restricted, tree seedlings rely on food stored in ___
A
seed
14
Q
__ leaves have thinner mesophyll - since they don’t get much light
A
shade
15
Q
___ leaves have thicker chlorophyll-rich mesophyll
A
Sun
16
Q
Taking up CO2 can cause loss of ___
A
H2O
17
Q
___ conditions make plants vulnerable to low CO2 levels when stomata close to conserve water
A
hot, dry
18
Q
When stomata are closed, plants cannot absorb ___, which limit ___
A
CO2, photosynthesis
19
Q
__ + ___ plants run modified photosynthesis
A
C4 & CAM
20
Q
Besides light, CO2, and H2O, __ is an essential resource for plants
A
soils
21
Q
Variety of soils (5)
A
fertility ability to support plant growth degree of aeration water-holding capacity mineral content
22
Q
___ soil components are derived from the physical & chemical breakdown of rocks
A
Inorganic
23
Q
the __ is the uppermost layer & is important for plant growth
A
Topsoil
24
Q
___ & ___ are largely composed of mineral material
A
subsoil & soil base
25
the ___ is the bottom layer that support soil layer
bedrock
26
Soil layers vary in __ & ___
composition & thickness
27
grassland produce ___ layer of topsoil; whereas tropical rain forests have __layer of topsoil
deep / thin
28
Humus are soil __ matter
organic
29
Where is humus (soil organic matter) derived from ?
plat detritus
animal waste
decaying animal bodies
30
To improve soil fertility, gardeners can ___;
| Farmers can
utilize compost
| plough plant remains back into soil
31
physical and chemical breakdown of rocks is by cycle of ___ +___
freezing & thawing
32
Inorganic soil matters are derived from
P & C breakdown of rock
| organic acids released by plant roots or lichens
33
___ will cause loss of inorganic materials in plants
Leeching
34
what is leeching?
removal of inorganic ions when water passes through (percolate) soils.
35
___ __ can reduce fertility of the soil by leaching nutrients
Heavy rainfalls (tropical soils)
36
Soils are classified by what ___?
content of coarse & fine inorganic materials
37
Rank inorganic particles from largest to smallest
SAND - SILT - CLAY
38
Characteristics of SANDY SOILS
porous
| allow air & water movement
39
Characteristics of Silty-Clay soil 1
less porous
| retain more H2O & minerals
40
Characteristics of LOAM soils
1. balance mixture of ___ , ___, ___
2. the ___ benefits of sandy soils with ___
3. the ___ ___ benefits of silty-clay soils
1. sand, clay, silt
2. aeration - water
3. ion retention
41
Cation exchange:
| Clay particles have ___ charges on surfaces that electrostatically bind ____ charged ions
negative
positive
42
To help release cations, ROOT often release ____ acids.
___ ions released into soil water replace ___ cations on surface of clay particles in a process called ____ ____
___ ions can be leached away
- organic
H+ // mineral // cation exchange
FREE
43
The role of fertilizers?
| - enhance plant growth by ____
providing essential elements that are absent or not enough
44
____ fertilizers are bound to organic molecules & are released slowly
____ fertilizers are in water-soluble form & immediately available.
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
45
Excessive use of fertilizers cause ____ ____ & lead to ____ ____ & ____ in aquatic ecosystems
nutrient pollution
toxic bloom & dead zones
46
___ ____ causes nutrient pollution that can lead to toxic bloom and dead zones
excessive use of fertilizers
47
___ ____ limits plant growth in nature & in crop fields
nitrogen availability
48
Plants take up ___ ___, that in a chemically combined form as ____ & ____
fixed nitrogen
ammonium (NH4) & nitrate (NO3)
49
___ species perform biological ___ ___ , which produced most of fixed nitrogen in soils
Prokaryotic
nitrogen fixation
50
In arid lands, nitrogen-fixing ____ occur in surface oil crusts and enhance soil ___
cyanobacteria
fertility
51
Nitrogen - fixing bacterial ____ are taken up and fostered in special ___ on the roots of legume plants
symbionts
nodules
52
Nitrogen fixation by bacteria:
Many legumes are high in protein because bacteria transfer ___ ____ directly to plant cells
fixed nitrogen
53
which nutrient is the source of most of the hydrogen atoms and some of the oxygen atoms in organic compounds
WATER
54
Fixed nitrogen can be added to soils by ___ ___ ___
air pollution
lightning
fire
55
Plants must transport ___, ___, ____ for short * long distance
water, minerals, food
56
Non-photosynthetic cells are (4)
roots, flowers, fruits, seeds
57
Materials are taken ___ at the cellular level
UP
58
___ transport moves material DOWN its concentration gradient, and does not require energy
___ transport moves material AGAINST its concentration gradient, and does require energy
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
59
Passive transport moves material ____ its concentration gradient
1. ___ diffusion that allow ___ , ____, ____ and other ___ ___ molecules
2. ___ diffusion (via ___ or ___ ) transport ___ ____ molecules and ___
DOWN
1. Simple - water, O2, CO2, small uncharged
2. Facilitated - channel or transporter protein - larger organic & ions
60
Active transport moves materials ___ its concentration gradient,
1. ___ active transport require ____ energy investment via ___ ____
2. ___ active transport require ____ energy investment; stored energy is releases as ___ moves down its gradients
AGAINST
1. PRIMARY - direct ATP hydrolysis
2. SECONDARY - indirect - ions
61
___ is the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to difference in solute concentration
OSMOSIS
62
____ are channel proteins that facilitate faster water movement across membranes
Aquaporins
63
Root use ____ to take up nutrients
energy
64
To establish proton gradient, proton pump uses ___ ___ transport,
Proton gradient is used to drive ___ ___ transport of mineral and nutrients
The increase ___ ____ ___ drives the diffusion of water into the cell
primary active
secondary active
intracellular solute concentration
65
The water content of plant cells is influenced by ___ ____ & ___ ___
solute concentration
turgor pressure
66
___ pressure is hydrostatic pressure, which do what?
turgor pressure increases when water ___ plant cell
Turgor - push plasma membrane against cell wall
ENTER
67
Plasmolyzed cell is in ___ solution
Flaccid cell is in ___ solution
turgid cell is in ___ solution
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
68
In Hypertonic solution, water ___ --> crenation
In Hypotonic solution, water ___ --> lysis
out of the cell
into the cell
69
1. In plasmolyzed cell:
plasma membrane____
water ____
2. In turgid cell,
plasma membrane ___
water ____
3. In flaccid cell,
plasma membrane ____
water ____
1. presses tightly against cell wall
exits
2. contort away from the cell wall
enter
3. normal
both in & out
70
Water potential is ___
potential energy of water
71
A water potential equation can be used to predict _____
direction of cellular water movement
72
Water potential equation:
water potential = solute potential (cell) + pressure potential (cell wall/membrane)
73
Solute potential of pure water is ___
0
74
Water that contains solutes has a ____ solute potential
* ____ concentration of solute, ___ solute potential *
negative
high , lower
75
Pressure potential is ___
component of water potential due to hydrostatic pressure
76
Hydrostatic pressure in plants is determined by ___
the resistance of cell wall
77
The value of pressure potential:
1. ___ in turgid cell (+1.0 Mpa)
2. ___ in flaccid or plasmolyzed cell
1. positive
| 2. zero
78
A cell with a solute potential of -2 and water potential of -1 is ____
TURGID
79
A cell with a solute potential of -1 and water potential of -1 in isotonic solution is ____
FLACCID
80
A cell with a solute potential of -0.5 and water potential of -0.5 in a hypertonic solution is ____
plasmolyzed
81
Apoplastic movement stops at ____
endodermis
82
Endodermis forms a barrier to diffusion b/w ___ and ____ of vascular tissue
cortex
| central core
83
ions & minerals travel through ____ enter endodermal cells
ions & minerals travel through ____are transported by membrane transporters into cytosol of endodermal cells
Symplast
| Apoplast
84
Root endodermal cells contain water-proof ___ that function as a barrier.
It also prevents ___ solutes from flowing back into the ___ or soil.
Suberin
xylem - root cortex
85
Plant use ____ ____ which is the mass movement of liquid molecules by pressure, gravity, or both
Bulk Flow
86
What is Bulk Flow?
| *movement*
mass movement of liquid molecules by gravity, pressure or both
87
Bulk flow in xylem occurs via ___ pressure, by ___-___ theory
Bulk flow in phloem occurs via ___, by ___-___ concept
negative / cohesion -tension
| positive / pressure-flow
88
Transpiration is the ____
evaporation of water from plant surfaces
89
Negative pressure is generated when ____
evaporative water loss at shoot surfaces
90
The ___-____ theory explained how water is transported long distances
cohesion-tension
91
Water evaporates from plants is lost through ___
stomata
92
To reduce transpirational water loss, plants control 2 things:
stomatal opening
| leaf drop
93
The shape of ____ cells determine whether pore is open or close
guard
94
__ light stimulate H+-ATPase proton pumps --> ____ -> ____ -> cell expansion & stomatal opening
BLUE
guard cell uptake ions
osmotic water uptake
95
The hormone ___ can close stomata during the day
ABA - abscisic acid
96
Leaf abscission is ____
plants drop their leaves in cold & dry climates in the adaption to cope with water stress
97
What causes air bubble in the xylem and why it is dangerous?
when plant attempt to transport water even though there are enough. it is dangerous because it prevents bulk flow transport
98
Temperate-zone angiosperms acquired genetic capacity to use ____ ___ to predict onset of ____ conditions & respond with preemptive ____ ___
seasonal changes
cold, dry winter
leaf abscission
99
____ stimulates the formation of an abscission zone at the base of petiole
Ethylene
100
Abscission zone contains 2 layers
```
separation layer (thin-walled cells)
protective layer (suberin & cork cells)
```
101
Pressure-flow hypothesis states that sugars ___
| this hypothesis explained the movement of materials in ____ tissue
flow from sources --> sinks by differences in turgor pressure.
phloem
102
___ is lea mesophyll tissue that makes sugars
___ non-photosynthetic tissues that use sugars
SOURCE
SINKS (roots, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds)
103
____ is the process by which sugars made in leaf mesophyll cells are moved into living cells of phloem
sugar loading
104
sugar loading moves sugar from ____ to ____
leaf mesophyll cells to living cells of phloem
105
the movement of sugar also causes water to ___ by osmosis cause pressure to ___
enter - rise
106
Phloem content flow from ___ solute concentration areas to ____
HIGH to LOW
107
Phloem bulk flow based on ___ pressure
Transpiration based on ___ pressure
positive
negative
108
Sieve-tube elements are living, food-conducting components of ____
Phloem
109
___ cells plays role in loading sugar into the phloem
Companion
110
2 types of phloem loading:
symplastic & partly apoplastic
111
Symplastic phloem loading occurs in ___ plants
Partly apoplastic phloem loading occurs in ____ plants
woody
herbaceous
112
In symplatic phloem loading,
| sucrose --> ___ -> ___ -> ____
sucrose --> plasmodesmata --> companion cell --> sieve-tube element
113
In partly apoplastic loading,
| sugar is loaded from ____
intercellular spaces
114
Which need energy?
Transpiration
Sugar Loading
Sugar Loading
Transpiration use sun's energy indirectly to power the process
