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BIOL 191 > BIOL 191 - c25 > Flashcards

BIOL 191 - c25 Flashcards

1
Q

What distinguish related algae from land plants?

A

terrestrial adaptations

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2
Q

Streptophytes

A

plants & closest green algal relatives

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3
Q

Distinctive features of land plants (6)

A

TAS AGE

  1. Tissues
  2. Apical Meristems
  3. Alternation of life cycle
  4. Spores
  5. Gametangia & sporangia
  6. Embryos
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4
Q

Feature #1 of land plant: TISSUE

lower ___ ratio which ___ water loss to air

A

lower SA/V ratio which decreases water loss to air

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5
Q

Feature #2 of land plant: Apical Meristems

produce ___ to withstand ___

A

produce bodies to withstand drought and mechanical stress

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6
Q

Feature #3 of land plant: Alternation of Generation

A

Gametophyte & Sporophyte

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7
Q

Gametophyte are ___ (ploidy?) that produce ___ by ___

A

Haploid produces egg/sperm by MITOSIS

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8
Q

SPOROPHYTE are ___ produce ___ by ___

A

Diploid produce spores by MEIOSIS

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9
Q

What is the difference between GAMETOPHYTE & SPOROPHYTE?

A

The gametophyte produces haploid spores by mitosis. Whereas, sporophyte produces diploid spores by meiosis

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10
Q

Describe the steps of Life Cycle

A

Diploid sporophyte –[meiosis]–> haploid spores –[mitosis–> haploid gametophyte —> EGG + SPERM —[fertilization]–> ZYGOTE —[mitosis]–> Diploid sporophyte

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11
Q

Plant fitness is measured by: ___ +____

A

Spores production & dispersion. Larger diploid generation, more spores are produced

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12
Q

What are Embryophytes?

A

Land plants

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13
Q

what are foundational feature of embryophytes?

A

EMBRYOS

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14
Q

What is the function of tough-walled spores?

A

Allow plants to disperse offspring through DRY AIR

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15
Q

What is the function of Gametangia?

A
  • Specialized structure

- generate, protect, & disperse land plant GAMETES

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16
Q

What is the function of SPORANGIA?

A

Produce, protect, and disperse land plants SPORES

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17
Q

what is the difference between Gametangia & Sporangia?

A

Gametangia related to gametes. Whereas Sporangia related to spores.

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18
Q

What 3 phyla belonged to the “Simplest Land Plant” group?

A

Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts

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19
Q

Nonvascular plants are ___

A

Bryophytes

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20
Q

What are Bryophytes called?

A

nonvascular plants

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21
Q

Characteristics of Bryophytes (6)

A
  • NO clade
  • FORM monophyletic phylum (shared common structural, reproductive, and ecological features)
  • Small, moist habitats (for sexual reproduction
  • CANNOT grow tall (bc of weak conducting tissue)
  • Dominant-gametophyte generation
  • Sporophyte : small & short-lived
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22
Q

Life cycle of peat moss

A

Onenote

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23
Q

Seedless vascular plants contain phyla___ +____

A

Lycophytes & pteridophytes

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24
Q

What do vascular plants possess that provide structural support?

A

Conduction system

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25
Q

The conduction system contains tissue ___ +___

A

Xylem & Phloem

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26
Q

4 Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Roots, stems, leaves, and vascular systems (xylem & phloem)

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27
Q

What is the function of XYLEM?

  • has ___ support function
  • contain conducting cell called ___
A
  • TISSUE THAT conduct water & minerals throughout plant body
  • support function: from LIGNIN
  • contain TRACHEIDS: conducting cell
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28
Q

Tracheophytes are ___, ___ and seed-___ vascular plants

A

Lycophytes, Pteridophytes, & seed-producing vascular plants

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29
Q

What is the function of PHLOEM?

A

conducts watery sap contain organic materials (sugar)

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30
Q

In DRY habitat, why VASCULAR PLANTS are larger in size and are metabolically active longer than BRYOPHYTES?

A

Because vascular plants maintain stable internal water content better. [DRY HABITAT]

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31
Q

What features allow vascular plants to maintain internal water content? (3)

A
  1. Vascular system
  2. Waxy Cuticle
  3. Stomata
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32
Q

what is the function of the Vascular System?

- allow ___, ____, ____ to move to right location

A

allow H2O, minerals, and sugar

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33
Q

What is the function of CUTICLE? (2)

A
  1. PREVENT DRYING

2. DETER PATHOGENS

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34
Q

What is the function of STOMATA?
___ in

___ out

___ in moist condition

A

CO2 in
O2 out
open when moist

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35
Q

What is the dominant generation in the Lycophytes & pteridophytes (tracheophytes) life cycle?

A

Diploid sporophyte

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36
Q

The difference in life cycle of Bryophytes & tracheophytes

- which is vascular and which is nonvascular plants?

A

Bryophytes: gametophyte dominant
Tracheophytes: sporophyte dominant

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37
Q

Life of FERN

  1. dominant life generation?
  2. ____ are multicellular structure develop on leaves
  3. ___ occurs in cells in sporangia to produce ___
  4. ___ undergo mitosis to produce gametophytes, anchored by cells known as ___
  5. sperm swim to female ___ and fertilize the eggs
A

one note

  1. sporophyte
  2. sporangia
  3. meiosis spores
  4. spores - rhizoids
  5. gametophyte
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38
Q

What 3 phyla belong to GYMNOSPERMS?

A

Cycads, Ginkgo biloba, & Conifers

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39
Q

Cycad, Ginko and Conifer are known as?

A

Gymnosperms

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40
Q

Spermatophytes include (2) groups which are: (seed plants)

A

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

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41
Q
  1. Seed plants are called ___

2. Seedless plants are called __

A
  1. Spermatophytes

2. Bryophytes

42
Q

Characteristics of SEED:

  • enclose ___
  • contains storage of ___, ___, ____
  • produce ___
A
  • enclose embryos
  • contains storage of Carb, Lipid, Proteins
  • produce POLLEN
43
Q

SEED produce ___ that contain & protect ____

A

Pollen - contain & protect microscopic male gametophytes

44
Q

Compared to Angiosperms, Gymnosperms LACK __ , ___ , ___

A

flowers, fruit & endosperms

45
Q

Angiosperms produce: (5)

A
  1. Seeds
  2. Pollen
  3. Flowers
  4. Fruit
  5. Endosperms
46
Q

First land plants gametophytes were larger/smaller & more/less independent than sporophytes?

A

larger size & more independent

47
Q

Place in order earliest evolved plant structure to most recently evolved:
—flower, tracheid, seed, embryo—

A

embryo –> tracheid –> seed –> flower

48
Q

Gymnosperms originated from ancestral plant that produce ___

A

WOOD

49
Q

Common characteristics of all Spermatophytes (gymno & angio) : (4)

A

WOOD, Ovules, Seeds, Pollen

50
Q

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms are different in that angiosperms have __ , __ , __ , __.

A
  1. flowers
  2. fruit
  3. seed development
  4. vessels
51
Q

Angiosperms are also called ___ plant

A

FLOWERING

52
Q

CYCAD

has ____ structure that produce ___ or ___

A

palm-like leaves

produce a conspicuous cone-like structures that produce pollen or ovules

53
Q

The reproductive structure of CYCAD attract ___, which function as ___

A

beetles // pollinators

54
Q

3 REASONS WHY GINKGO BILOBA CAN LIVE ALONG CITY STREET

A

LONG-LIVED
TOLERANT OF HEAT/COLD
RESISTANT TO POLLUTION

55
Q

CONIFERS are common in what habitat

A

cold & dry climates

56
Q

What adaptations that allow CONIFERS to be in cold, dry climate? (4)

A
  1. Tree Shape - shed snow
  2. Leaf shape - resist drought
  3. Needle-shaped leaves - waxy cuticle prevent water loss
  4. evergreen - early photosynthesis
57
Q

Conifers produce simple __ cones, more complex ___ cones (pollen or ovule)

A

Pollen // Ovule

58
Q

The 3 Gnetales of phylum ___:
1. ___ have broad leaves

  1. ___ native to arid regions of southwestern US; adaptation to conserve water
  2. ___ has 1 living species living in Desert of southwestern Africa
A

CONIFER

  1. Gnetum,
  2. Ephedra
  3. Welwitschia
59
Q

Gnetum - adaptation

A

broad leaves - capture light in dim forest

60
Q

Ephedra

A

tiny, brown, scale-like leaves
green, photosynthetic stems
==> conserve water

61
Q

Welwitschia

A

taproot anchor stem with 2 long leaves

62
Q

(4) Plants adaptations that are useful for humans:
1. lignin-walled ___
2. asexual plant organ?
3. provide nutrients for embryo
4. organic compound by plants

A
  1. lignin-walled xylem
  2. Roots, Stem, Leaves
  3. seed endosperm
  4. secondary metabolites
63
Q

Success of Angiosperm based on combination of what 3 traits ?

A

Flowers, Fruit, and Endosperms

64
Q

Function of FLOWERS

A

foster seed production

65
Q

Function of FRUITS

A

favor seed dispersal

66
Q

Function of Endosperm

A

food helps embryo inside seeds grow into SEEDLINGs

67
Q

4 organs of FLOWERS

[rank from outer layer to inner layer]

A

sepals –> petals –> stamens –> carpels

68
Q

Function of Petals

A

attract pollinators

69
Q

Pistil composed of fused carpels:

  1. Stigma - ___ (A)
  2. Style -
  3. Ovary - ___ (B)
A

A: receives & recognize pollen
B: encloses & protect ovules

70
Q

Angiosperms use ___ fertilization

A

DOUBLE

71
Q

___ & ___ are the two diverse angiosperm lineages

A

Monocots & Eudicots

72
Q

Monocots possess ___ cotyledons; Eudicots possess ___ cotyledons

A

1 // 2

73
Q

In what way does flower evolution changed?

A

Transfer pollen from one plant to another

74
Q

Fused petals form ___ that accumulate __ & attract ___

A

floral tubles
nectar
pollinators

75
Q

Many plants produce ___; groups of flowers that clustered together allow pollinators to transfer pollen among a large # of flowers at the same time

A

inflorescences

76
Q

Inflorescence

A

clustered flowers that allow pollinators to transfer pollen among a large numbers of flowers at the same time

77
Q

Flowers with no perianths will foster ____by wind

A

foster pollination

78
Q

Fruits develop from ___ ___

A

ovary wall

79
Q

DIspersal helps prevent ___ from competing wi larger parents & help to ___ new habitats

A

seedlings // colonize

80
Q

Secondary Metabolites are ___ (organic/inorganic) compounds with 3 roles

A

organic

plant reproduction/ structure/protection

81
Q

3 major classes in plants (secondary metabolites)

A
  1. Terpenes & terpenoids
  2. Phenolics
  3. Alkaloids
82
Q

Phenolics responsible for ___ & ___
Some are ___
Some are ___

A

colors & flavors
antioxidants
UV radiation

83
Q

Alkaloids affect animal’s ___

EX: ___

A

nervous system

caffeine, nicotine, morphine

84
Q

Domestication is a process of ____ selection

A

artificial

85
Q

Favorable traits for domestication

A

larger grains
more grain #
softer grains

86
Q

Food staples are ___, ____, ____

A

corn, wheat, rice

87
Q

Besides grains, humans also domesticated ___

A

plants (vegetables)

88
Q

Human produced new crops by ___

A

domesticating wild plants

89
Q

gymnosperm named ___ that possesses sex chromosomes

A

Ginkgo biloba

90
Q

Ovules are produced by the ____

A

Carpels

91
Q

Rank plant adaptations from oldest to newest

flowers, sexual reproduction, chlorophyll, sporic life cycle, leaves/roots/stems, pollen & seeds

A
  1. chlorophyll
  2. sexual reproduction
  3. sporic life cycle
  4. leaves/roots/stems
  5. pollen & seeds
  6. flowers
92
Q

3 Reproductive characteristics of land plants.

A
  1. life cycle of 2 types of multicellular bodies
  2. maternal nourishment of embros
  3. alternation of generations
93
Q

Lycophytes & Ferns are vascular plants that are seedless or produce seed?

A

SEEDLESS

94
Q

What flower structure produces & disperse pollen

A

Carpel

95
Q

Which of the following is seedless vascular plants?

  1. Lycophytes
  2. Angiosperms
  3. Ferns
  4. Bryophytes
  5. Gymnosperms
A

1 & 3

96
Q

3 features that are shared between angiosperms & gymnosperms

A
  1. alternation of generations
  2. production of haloid spores by meiosis
  3. Vascular tissue
97
Q

Stamens are the flower structures that produce and disperse ___

A

POLLEN

98
Q

Features unique to all vascular plants include

A
  1. STOMATA
  2. VASCULAR SYSTEM
    3, CUTICLE
99
Q

The earliest diverging modern gymnosperm phylum is ___

A

CYCAD

100
Q

3 structures present in only angiosperms

A

Flower, Fruit, seed endosperm

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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