BIOL 191 - c25 Flashcards
1
Q
What distinguish related algae from land plants?
A
terrestrial adaptations
2
Q
Streptophytes
A
plants & closest green algal relatives
3
Q
Distinctive features of land plants (6)
A
TAS AGE
- Tissues
- Apical Meristems
- Alternation of life cycle
- Spores
- Gametangia & sporangia
- Embryos
4
Q
Feature #1 of land plant: TISSUE
lower ___ ratio which ___ water loss to air
A
lower SA/V ratio which decreases water loss to air
5
Q
Feature #2 of land plant: Apical Meristems
produce ___ to withstand ___
A
produce bodies to withstand drought and mechanical stress
6
Q
Feature #3 of land plant: Alternation of Generation
A
Gametophyte & Sporophyte
7
Q
Gametophyte are ___ (ploidy?) that produce ___ by ___
A
Haploid produces egg/sperm by MITOSIS
8
Q
SPOROPHYTE are ___ produce ___ by ___
A
Diploid produce spores by MEIOSIS
9
Q
What is the difference between GAMETOPHYTE & SPOROPHYTE?
A
The gametophyte produces haploid spores by mitosis. Whereas, sporophyte produces diploid spores by meiosis
10
Q
Describe the steps of Life Cycle
A
Diploid sporophyte –[meiosis]–> haploid spores –[mitosis–> haploid gametophyte —> EGG + SPERM —[fertilization]–> ZYGOTE —[mitosis]–> Diploid sporophyte
11
Q
Plant fitness is measured by: ___ +____
A
Spores production & dispersion. Larger diploid generation, more spores are produced
12
Q
What are Embryophytes?
A
Land plants
13
Q
what are foundational feature of embryophytes?
A
EMBRYOS
14
Q
What is the function of tough-walled spores?
A
Allow plants to disperse offspring through DRY AIR
15
Q
What is the function of Gametangia?
A
- Specialized structure
- generate, protect, & disperse land plant GAMETES
16
Q
What is the function of SPORANGIA?
A
Produce, protect, and disperse land plants SPORES
17
Q
what is the difference between Gametangia & Sporangia?
A
Gametangia related to gametes. Whereas Sporangia related to spores.
18
Q
What 3 phyla belonged to the “Simplest Land Plant” group?
A
Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts
19
Q
Nonvascular plants are ___
A
Bryophytes
20
Q
What are Bryophytes called?
A
nonvascular plants
21
Q
Characteristics of Bryophytes (6)
A
- NO clade
- FORM monophyletic phylum (shared common structural, reproductive, and ecological features)
- Small, moist habitats (for sexual reproduction
- CANNOT grow tall (bc of weak conducting tissue)
- Dominant-gametophyte generation
- Sporophyte : small & short-lived
22
Q
Life cycle of peat moss
A
Onenote
23
Q
Seedless vascular plants contain phyla___ +____
A
Lycophytes & pteridophytes
24
Q
What do vascular plants possess that provide structural support?
A
Conduction system
25
The conduction system contains tissue ___ +___
Xylem & Phloem
26
4 Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Roots, stems, leaves, and vascular systems (xylem & phloem)
27
What is the function of XYLEM?
- has ___ support function
- contain conducting cell called ___
- TISSUE THAT conduct water & minerals throughout plant body
- support function: from LIGNIN
- contain TRACHEIDS: conducting cell
28
Tracheophytes are ___, ___ and seed-___ vascular plants
Lycophytes, Pteridophytes, & seed-producing vascular plants
29
What is the function of PHLOEM?
conducts watery sap contain organic materials (sugar)
30
In DRY habitat, why VASCULAR PLANTS are larger in size and are metabolically active longer than BRYOPHYTES?
Because vascular plants maintain stable internal water content better. [DRY HABITAT]
31
What features allow vascular plants to maintain internal water content? (3)
1. Vascular system
2. Waxy Cuticle
3. Stomata
32
what is the function of the Vascular System?
| - allow ___, ____, ____ to move to right location
allow H2O, minerals, and sugar
33
What is the function of CUTICLE? (2)
1. PREVENT DRYING
| 2. DETER PATHOGENS
34
What is the function of STOMATA?
___ in
___ out
___ in moist condition
CO2 in
O2 out
open when moist
35
What is the dominant generation in the Lycophytes & pteridophytes (tracheophytes) life cycle?
Diploid sporophyte
36
The difference in life cycle of Bryophytes & tracheophytes
| - which is vascular and which is nonvascular plants?
Bryophytes: gametophyte dominant
Tracheophytes: sporophyte dominant
37
Life of FERN
1. dominant life generation?
2. ____ are multicellular structure develop on leaves
3. ___ occurs in cells in sporangia to produce ___
4. ___ undergo mitosis to produce gametophytes, anchored by cells known as ___
5. sperm swim to female ___ and fertilize the eggs
one note
1. sporophyte
2. sporangia
3. meiosis spores
4. spores - rhizoids
5. gametophyte
38
What 3 phyla belong to GYMNOSPERMS?
Cycads, Ginkgo biloba, & Conifers
39
Cycad, Ginko and Conifer are known as?
Gymnosperms
40
Spermatophytes include (2) groups which are: (seed plants)
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
41
1. Seed plants are called ___
| 2. Seedless plants are called __
1. Spermatophytes
| 2. Bryophytes
42
Characteristics of SEED:
- enclose ___
- contains storage of ___, ___, ____
- produce ___
- enclose embryos
- contains storage of Carb, Lipid, Proteins
- produce POLLEN
43
SEED produce ___ that contain & protect ____
Pollen - contain & protect microscopic male gametophytes
44
Compared to Angiosperms, Gymnosperms LACK __ , ___ , ___
flowers, fruit & endosperms
45
Angiosperms produce: (5)
1. Seeds
2. Pollen
3. Flowers
4. Fruit
5. Endosperms
46
First land plants gametophytes were larger/smaller & more/less independent than sporophytes?
larger size & more independent
47
Place in order earliest evolved plant structure to most recently evolved:
---flower, tracheid, seed, embryo---
embryo --> tracheid --> seed --> flower
48
Gymnosperms originated from ancestral plant that produce ___
WOOD
49
Common characteristics of all Spermatophytes (gymno & angio) : (4)
WOOD, Ovules, Seeds, Pollen
50
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms are different in that angiosperms have __ , __ , __ , __.
1. flowers
2. fruit
3. seed development
4. vessels
51
Angiosperms are also called ___ plant
FLOWERING
52
CYCAD
| has ____ structure that produce ___ or ___
palm-like leaves
| produce a conspicuous cone-like structures that produce pollen or ovules
53
The reproductive structure of CYCAD attract ___, which function as ___
beetles // pollinators
54
3 REASONS WHY GINKGO BILOBA CAN LIVE ALONG CITY STREET
LONG-LIVED
TOLERANT OF HEAT/COLD
RESISTANT TO POLLUTION
55
CONIFERS are common in what habitat
cold & dry climates
56
What adaptations that allow CONIFERS to be in cold, dry climate? (4)
1. Tree Shape - shed snow
2. Leaf shape - resist drought
3. Needle-shaped leaves - waxy cuticle prevent water loss
4. evergreen - early photosynthesis
57
Conifers produce simple __ cones, more complex ___ cones (pollen or ovule)
Pollen // Ovule
58
The 3 Gnetales of phylum ___:
1. ___ have broad leaves
2. ___ native to arid regions of southwestern US; adaptation to conserve water
3. ___ has 1 living species living in Desert of southwestern Africa
CONIFER
1. Gnetum,
2. Ephedra
3. Welwitschia
59
Gnetum - adaptation
broad leaves - capture light in dim forest
60
Ephedra
tiny, brown, scale-like leaves
green, photosynthetic stems
==> conserve water
61
Welwitschia
taproot anchor stem with 2 long leaves
62
(4) Plants adaptations that are useful for humans:
1. lignin-walled ___
2. asexual plant organ?
3. provide nutrients for embryo
4. organic compound by plants
1. lignin-walled xylem
2. Roots, Stem, Leaves
3. seed endosperm
4. secondary metabolites
63
Success of Angiosperm based on combination of what 3 traits ?
Flowers, Fruit, and Endosperms
64
Function of FLOWERS
foster seed production
65
Function of FRUITS
favor seed dispersal
66
Function of Endosperm
food helps embryo inside seeds grow into SEEDLINGs
67
4 organs of FLOWERS
| [rank from outer layer to inner layer]
sepals --> petals --> stamens --> carpels
68
Function of Petals
attract pollinators
69
Pistil composed of fused carpels:
1. Stigma - ___ (A)
2. Style -
3. Ovary - ___ (B)
A: receives & recognize pollen
B: encloses & protect ovules
70
Angiosperms use ___ fertilization
DOUBLE
71
___ & ___ are the two diverse angiosperm lineages
Monocots & Eudicots
72
Monocots possess ___ cotyledons; Eudicots possess ___ cotyledons
1 // 2
73
In what way does flower evolution changed?
Transfer pollen from one plant to another
74
Fused petals form ___ that accumulate __ & attract ___
floral tubles
nectar
pollinators
75
Many plants produce ___; groups of flowers that clustered together allow pollinators to transfer pollen among a large # of flowers at the same time
inflorescences
76
Inflorescence
clustered flowers that allow pollinators to transfer pollen among a large numbers of flowers at the same time
77
Flowers with no perianths will foster ____by wind
foster pollination
78
Fruits develop from ___ ___
ovary wall
79
DIspersal helps prevent ___ from competing wi larger parents & help to ___ new habitats
seedlings // colonize
80
Secondary Metabolites are ___ (organic/inorganic) compounds with 3 roles
organic
plant reproduction/ structure/protection
81
3 major classes in plants (secondary metabolites)
1. Terpenes & terpenoids
2. Phenolics
3. Alkaloids
82
Phenolics responsible for ___ & ___
Some are ___
Some are ___
colors & flavors
antioxidants
UV radiation
83
Alkaloids affect animal's ___
| EX: ___
nervous system
| caffeine, nicotine, morphine
84
Domestication is a process of ____ selection
artificial
85
Favorable traits for domestication
larger grains
more grain #
softer grains
86
Food staples are ___, ____, ____
corn, wheat, rice
87
Besides grains, humans also domesticated ___
plants (vegetables)
88
Human produced new crops by ___
domesticating wild plants
89
gymnosperm named ___ that possesses sex chromosomes
Ginkgo biloba
90
Ovules are produced by the ____
Carpels
91
Rank plant adaptations from oldest to newest
| flowers, sexual reproduction, chlorophyll, sporic life cycle, leaves/roots/stems, pollen & seeds
1. chlorophyll
2. sexual reproduction
3. sporic life cycle
4. leaves/roots/stems
5. pollen & seeds
6. flowers
92
3 Reproductive characteristics of land plants.
1. life cycle of 2 types of multicellular bodies
2. maternal nourishment of embros
3. alternation of generations
93
Lycophytes & Ferns are vascular plants that are seedless or produce seed?
SEEDLESS
94
What flower structure produces & disperse pollen
Carpel
95
Which of the following is seedless vascular plants?
1. Lycophytes
2. Angiosperms
3. Ferns
4. Bryophytes
5. Gymnosperms
1 & 3
96
3 features that are shared between angiosperms & gymnosperms
1. alternation of generations
2. production of haloid spores by meiosis
3. Vascular tissue
97
Stamens are the flower structures that produce and disperse ___
POLLEN
98
Features unique to all vascular plants include
1. STOMATA
2. VASCULAR SYSTEM
3, CUTICLE
99
The earliest diverging modern gymnosperm phylum is ___
CYCAD
100
3 structures present in only angiosperms
Flower, Fruit, seed endosperm
