BIOL 191 - C29

Question 1

Define Behavior

Answer 1

…

Question 2

Plants respond to ____ & ___ stimuli

Answer 2

biological & physical

Question 3

Biological stimuli can originate from ___

Answer 3

insde or outside of the plant body

Question 4

Physical stimuli come from ____

Chemical stimuli come from ____

Answer 4

non-living source

living source

Question 5

In ___, plants grow ____ a light source. This is an example of ___ stimuli

Answer 5

Phototropism – toward

physical stimuli

Question 6

___ molecule located in plants cells that sense stimuli & cause responses

Answer 6

Receptors

Question 7

3 stages of cell communication

details of each stage

Answer 7

1. receptor activation
2. signal transduction
3. cellular response

Question 8

____ ____ is a process in which cell perceives then responds to a signal. A signal can be ___ or ___

Answer 8

Cell communication

chemical & physical

Question 9

___ are chemical signals transported within plants

Answer 9

hormones

Question 10

Hormones have specific ____ that they interact with for cell communication

Answer 10

receptors

Question 11

Hormones have many effects, based on ____ & ___

Answer 11

concentration & hormone combinations

Question 12

___ are master hormones in plants because they influence ___ , ___, ____

Answer 12

Auxins

plant structure, development, behavior

Question 13

Auxins promote expression of diverse genes called ____

Answer 13

auxin-responsive genes

Question 14

Auxin is produced in ____ and ____

Auxin primarily flows ___ from ___ tip to ___ tip

Answer 14

apical shoot tips & young leaves

downward shoot tip - root tip

Question 15

What happened when auxin concentrations are low and high?

Answer 15

Low concentration - repressor proteins prevent gene expression

High concentration - repressors are degraded and genes are activated

Question 16

What controls the directional transport of auxin?

Answer 16

auxin carrier proteins in plasma membrane

Question 17

____ carriers transport auxin into a cell; locating at the apical ends of cells

____ carriers transport auxin out of the cell; locating at the basal & lateral surfaces

Answer 17

Auxin influx

Auxin efflux

Question 18

The effects of auxin include:

Answer 18

• Mediating phototropism
• Establishing apical-basal polarity of seed embryos
• Inducing vascular tissue differentiation
• Promoting formation of roots
• Stimulating fruit development

Question 19

___ are important for agriculture

Answer 19

Auxin

Question 20

Photoperiodism

1. based on ___?
2. ____ is a kind of light receptor that influence seed germination, seasonal flowering, response to shading

Answer 20

plant ability to measure & respond to day length

1. photoreceptors
2. phytochrome

Question 21

Phytochrome is a red- and far-red light receptor that influences 3 plant behaviors ___ (3)

Answer 21

seed germination
flowering season
response to shading

Question 22

Phytochrome has two forms:

1. Pr is ____ form, located in ____
2. Pfr is ____ form, located in ___

Answer 22

1. inactive form, cytosol

2. active form, nucleus

Question 23

Which form of phytochrome interact with other proteins for gene regulation and cell response

Answer 23

Pfr

Question 24

In full sunlight, phytochrome will switch from ___ to ____

In the dark, phytochrome will switch from ___ to ____

Answer 24

Pr to Pfr

Pfr to Pr

Question 25

Flowering plants can be classified as: 1. Long-day plants: ____ 2. Short-day plants: _____ 3. Day-neutral plants: _____

Answer 25

1. Spring or early summer 2. late summer, fall, winter 3. day length is more important for plant growth

Question 26

Response to shading is caused by the ____ of branch internodes

Answer 26

elongation

Question 27

Gravitropism? upward growth vs downward growth

Answer 27

the upward growth of shoots & downward growth of roots

Question 28

_____ is a starch-heavy plastid that roots and shoots used to detect gravity

Answer 28

Statoliths

Question 29

Statoliths are starch-heavy plastid that are used for ____ to ____

Answer 29

root and shoots to detect gravity

Question 30

Statoliths located in gravity-sensing cells called ____

Answer 30

statocytes

Question 31

[SHOOT] Statocytes located in ___ [ROOT] Statocytes located in ___

Answer 31

endodermis center of root cap

Question 32

Gravity cause statoliths to ____, which causes changes in ____ and changes the direction of ____ which changes the direction of _____ growth

Answer 32

sink calcium ion messengers auxin transport shoot/root growthq

Question 33

Pulvinus causes ____ in sensitive plants as it is based on ____ of pulvinus

Answer 33

leaf folding water content

Question 34

When a leaf is touch, electrical signal known as _____ opens _____ in _____ cells

Answer 34

action potential ion channels parenchyma cells

Question 35

Ions movement ____ (into/out of) cells that bends leaflets

Answer 35

out of cells

Question 36

3 Structures that help reduce infection & herbivore attackch

Answer 36

cuticles epidermal trichomes outer bark

Question 37

Plants defend themselves via ____

Answer 37

chemical defenses

Question 38

Plant pathogens produce ____ which promote infection of plant cells

Answer 38

Elicitors

Question 39

Elicitors cause plant cells to evolve: 1. ____ that binds pathogen molecules - allowing plants to sense microbes 2. occur in ___ where ____ helps to destroy nucleic acids of viruses chemical defenses: ____ 3.

Answer 39

1. receptors 2. cytosol - microRNAs - H2O2 & NO

Question 40

Defense responses included: (3)

Answer 40

strengthen plant cell wall apoptosis produce compounds that kill pathogens

Question 41

___ response is a local reaction to pathogen attack that limit progression of disease

Answer 41

Hypersensitive

Question 42

[Hypersensitive response] 1. ___ can kill pathogens & help strengthen cell walls 2. ____ works with ___ to stimulate synthesis of defensive secondary metabolites 3. ___ induce apoptosis - which stop pathogens 4. ____ send alarm signals

Answer 42

1. H2O2 2. NO - H2O2 3. NO 4. salicylic acid

Question 43

___ _____ ____ is an immune response of whole plant

Answer 43

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

Question 44

____ is a local response ____ is a long-distance response

Answer 44

Hypersensitive SAR

Question 45

Auxins are _____ Cytokinins stimulate _____ Gibberellins stimulate ____ Ethylene ____ Abscisic acid & brassinosteroids ____

Answer 45

master plant hormones cell division cell division & elongation cell expansion environmental stress