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BIOL 191 > BIOL 191 - C29 > Flashcards

BIOL 191 - C29 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Behavior

A

…

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2
Q

Plants respond to ____ & ___ stimuli

A

biological & physical

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3
Q

Biological stimuli can originate from ___

A

insde or outside of the plant body

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4
Q

Physical stimuli come from ____

Chemical stimuli come from ____

A

non-living source

living source

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5
Q

In ___, plants grow ____ a light source. This is an example of ___ stimuli

A

Phototropism – toward

physical stimuli

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6
Q

___ molecule located in plants cells that sense stimuli & cause responses

A

Receptors

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7
Q

3 stages of cell communication

details of each stage

A
  1. receptor activation
  2. signal transduction
  3. cellular response
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8
Q

____ ____ is a process in which cell perceives then responds to a signal. A signal can be ___ or ___

A

Cell communication

chemical & physical

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9
Q

___ are chemical signals transported within plants

A

hormones

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10
Q

Hormones have specific ____ that they interact with for cell communication

A

receptors

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11
Q

Hormones have many effects, based on ____ & ___

A

concentration & hormone combinations

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12
Q

___ are master hormones in plants because they influence ___ , ___, ____

A

Auxins

plant structure, development, behavior

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13
Q

Auxins promote expression of diverse genes called ____

A

auxin-responsive genes

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14
Q

Auxin is produced in ____ and ____

Auxin primarily flows ___ from ___ tip to ___ tip

A

apical shoot tips & young leaves

downward shoot tip - root tip

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15
Q

What happened when auxin concentrations are low and high?

A

Low concentration - repressor proteins prevent gene expression

High concentration - repressors are degraded and genes are activated

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16
Q

What controls the directional transport of auxin?

A

auxin carrier proteins in plasma membrane

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17
Q

____ carriers transport auxin into a cell; locating at the apical ends of cells

____ carriers transport auxin out of the cell; locating at the basal & lateral surfaces

A

Auxin influx

Auxin efflux

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18
Q

The effects of auxin include:

A
  • Mediating phototropism
  • Establishing apical-basal polarity of seed embryos
  • Inducing vascular tissue differentiation
  • Promoting formation of roots
  • Stimulating fruit development
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19
Q

___ are important for agriculture

A

Auxin

20
Q

Photoperiodism

  1. based on ___?
  2. ____ is a kind of light receptor that influence seed germination, seasonal flowering, response to shading
A

plant ability to measure & respond to day length

  1. photoreceptors
  2. phytochrome
21
Q

Phytochrome is a red- and far-red light receptor that influences 3 plant behaviors ___ (3)

A

seed germination
flowering season
response to shading

22
Q

Phytochrome has two forms:

  1. Pr is ____ form, located in ____
  2. Pfr is ____ form, located in ___
A
  1. inactive form, cytosol

2. active form, nucleus

23
Q

Which form of phytochrome interact with other proteins for gene regulation and cell response

A

Pfr

24
Q

In full sunlight, phytochrome will switch from ___ to ____

In the dark, phytochrome will switch from ___ to ____

A

Pr to Pfr

Pfr to Pr

25
Q

Flowering plants can be classified as:

  1. Long-day plants: ____
  2. Short-day plants: _____
  3. Day-neutral plants: _____
A
  1. Spring or early summer
  2. late summer, fall, winter
  3. day length is more important for plant growth
26
Q

Response to shading is caused by the ____ of branch internodes

A

elongation

27
Q

Gravitropism?

upward growth vs downward growth

A

the upward growth of shoots & downward growth of roots

28
Q

_____ is a starch-heavy plastid that roots and shoots used to detect gravity

A

Statoliths

29
Q

Statoliths are starch-heavy plastid that are used for ____ to ____

A

root and shoots to detect gravity

30
Q

Statoliths located in gravity-sensing cells called ____

A

statocytes

31
Q

[SHOOT] Statocytes located in ___

[ROOT] Statocytes located in ___

A

endodermis

center of root cap

32
Q

Gravity cause statoliths to ____, which causes changes in ____ and changes the direction of ____ which changes the direction of _____ growth

A

sink
calcium ion messengers
auxin transport
shoot/root growthq

33
Q

Pulvinus causes ____ in sensitive plants as it is based on ____ of pulvinus

A

leaf folding

water content

34
Q

When a leaf is touch, electrical signal known as _____ opens _____ in _____ cells

A

action potential

ion channels

parenchyma cells

35
Q

Ions movement ____ (into/out of) cells that bends leaflets

A

out of cells

36
Q

3 Structures that help reduce infection & herbivore attackch

A

cuticles
epidermal trichomes
outer bark

37
Q

Plants defend themselves via ____

A

chemical defenses

38
Q

Plant pathogens produce ____ which promote infection of plant cells

A

Elicitors

39
Q

Elicitors cause plant cells to evolve:

  1. ____ that binds pathogen molecules - allowing plants to sense microbes
  2. occur in ___ where ____ helps to destroy nucleic acids of viruses
    chemical defenses: ____

3.

A
  1. receptors
  2. cytosol - microRNAs -
    H2O2 & NO
40
Q

Defense responses included: (3)

A

strengthen plant cell wall
apoptosis
produce compounds that kill pathogens

41
Q

___ response is a local reaction to pathogen attack that limit progression of disease

A

Hypersensitive

42
Q

[Hypersensitive response]

  1. ___ can kill pathogens & help strengthen cell walls
  2. ____ works with ___ to stimulate synthesis of defensive secondary metabolites
  3. ___ induce apoptosis - which stop pathogens
  4. ____ send alarm signals
A
  1. H2O2
  2. NO - H2O2
  3. NO
  4. salicylic acid
43
Q

___ _____ ____ is an immune response of whole plant

A

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

44
Q

____ is a local response

____ is a long-distance response

A

Hypersensitive

SAR

45
Q

Auxins are _____

Cytokinins stimulate _____

Gibberellins stimulate ____

Ethylene ____

Abscisic acid & brassinosteroids ____

A

master plant hormones

cell division

cell division & elongation

cell expansion

environmental stress

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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