Chapter 36 Flashcards
1
Q
Circulatory system can be divided into 2 types:
A
Closed and open systems
2
Q
In ____ circulatory system, contractile heart pumped hemolymph fluid into the body cavity of an animal
In ___ circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are separate and distinct
A
OPEN
CLOSED
3
Q
In what circulatory systems do the blood and fluid mixed?
In what system do blood and fluid are separated?
A
OPEN
CLOSED
4
Q
Hemolymph is a mixed fluid of ____ & ____
A
blood and interstitial fluid
5
Q
Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between ____ and ____
A
hemolymph - cells
6
Q
What are not transported in hemolymph?
A
O2 and CO2
7
Q
what is the benefit of open circulatory system
A
inexpensive
8
Q
What is the limitation of open circulatory system?
A
cant selectively deliver hemolymph to different tissues
9
Q
Which organisms have open circulatory system?
A
Mollusks & arthropods
10
Q
In closed circulatory system, blood flows through ____
A
vessels
11
Q
Blood is a fluid ____ tissue that contains mixture of ___ & ____.
what do blood transport?
A
connective - cells & solutes
nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2
12
Q
[blood circulation]
Arteries carry blood____
Veins carry blood___
capillaries are ____
A
away from heart
toward heart
sties of exchange
13
Q
What can be adjusted to meet metabolic demands? (closed cir systm)
A
distribution of blood flow
14
Q
What organisms have closed circulatory system?
A
earthworms, cephalopods, all vertebrates
15
Q
Vertebrate circulatory systems are divided into 2 arrangements:
A
single circulation
double circulation
16
Q
___ have single circulation
___ ____ ____ have double circulation
A
FISHES
crocodiles, birds, mammals
17
Q
In single circulation, heart has ___ atrium and ___ ventricle
In double circulation, heart has ___ chambers and ___ circuits of blood flow ( _____ + ____ circulation)
A
1 & 1
4 - 2 - pulmonary and systemic circulation
18
Q
Amphibians and most reptiles have an ____ type of circulation
A
intermediate
19
Q
4 components of blood:
A
- Plasma
- Leukocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Platelets
20
Q
Function of PLASMA
- contain?
- carries
- transport?
- maintain?
A
- water & solutes , buffer
- nutrients, wastes
- CO2
- fluid balance
21
Q
Function of Leukocytes
A
defense against infection & disease
22
Q
Function of Erythrocytes
- contain?
- measure of cells
- transport
- shape?
- in vertebrates? in mammals?
A
- hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- O2
- biconcave
- retain nuclei ; lost nuclei in mature cells
23
Q
What is the most common blood cells?
A
RBC - erythrocytes
24
Q
Function of Platelets
- work with __
- main function?
A
- fibrin
- Formation of blood clots
- cell fragments
- thrombocytes intact
25
Function of FIBRIN in platelets
form meshwork that trap RBC & platelets --> clot seals the wound
26
RT atrium received ____ blood via ___ & ___
deoxygenated - SVC & IVC
27
LT atrium received ___ blood from ___ ____
oxygenated - pulmonary veins
28
What initiated the beating of the heart?
nerves or intrinsic activity of heart muscles
29
Myogenic hearts are stimulated by ____ ____
Neurogenic heart are stimulated by ____ ____
cardiac muscle
nervous system
30
___ ___ leads to contraction
* which chamber is excited first?*
Electrical excitation
Atria then ventricles
31
In the heart, the AP originates in the ___ ___
sinoatrial node
32
Sequence of AP through heart
sinoatrial node --> atrioventricular node --> atrioventricular bundle --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers
33
Chambers progress through 2 phases during cardiac cycle:
Diastole & Systole
34
[HEART]
____ is when muscle is relaxed and chamber is filling
____ is when muscle is contracting, and chamber is empty
Diastole
| Systole
35
Cardiac cycle
atrial systole --> atrial diastole --> ventricular systole --> ventricular diastole
36
Semilunar valves open and ejected blood when ventricular pressure ____ pressure in the arteries
exceeds
37
Heart valves open and close in response to ____ ____
*Heart valves prevent ___*
pressure gradient
backflow
38
Blood pressure is ____
forced by blood on the walls of blood vessels
39
Pressure is highest during ___ ___ and lowest during ___ ___
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole
40
ECG reveals waves of electrical excitation:
- P wave:
- QRS complex:
- T wave:
- atrial excitation OR formation of AP at SA nodes
- ventricular excitation
- reset of ventricles back to rest state
41
Sequence of blood flow through vessels in closed circulatory system
heart --> large arteries --> small arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> small veins --> large veins --> heart
42
____are thick-walled vessels that conduct blood AWAY from the heart to ___ & ___
They have multiple __ layers
Arteries - organs & tissues
Elastic
43
Aorta is a type of ____ that transport ____ blood
arteries
| oxygen-rich
44
____ distribute blood to capillaries
Arterioles
45
Arterioles composed of 1 or 2 layers of _____ ____ and ____ ___ surrounding a layer of endothelium
smooth muscle
| connective tissue
46
TO control blood distribution, arterioles can ____ & ____
dilate
| constrict
47
_____ are composed of endothelial cells, supported by extracellular matrix
Capillaries
48
Where does gas exchange occur in blood circulation?
Capillaries
49
Fluid are out of the blood at ____ of capillary.
| Most fluid is returned to blood at ____ of capillary.
beginning
| venule-end
50
What system collects excess interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic system
51
____ and ____ return blood to the heart
Venules & veins
52
SVC AND IVC are related to ____
veins
53
Venules are small thin-walled vessels that carry blood ___ from ____
away - capillaries
54
The walls are thinner in ___ than ____;
veins - arteries
55
blood pressure is low in ____ (veins or arteries)
veins
56
In ____, SVC, IVC and valves are present
veins
57
Factors assist blood flow through veins: (3)
communication through nervous system
skeletal muscle activity
valves
58
Vein with __-way valves cause blood to flow in 1 direction
Vein with ___-way valves force blood to flow in both directions
1
| 0
59
mathematic relationship b/w 3 parameters?
Blood pressure:____
Blood flow: ___
Resistance:____
the F = P / R
force exerted by blood on vessel walls
driven by blood pressure
slow (F) - source: blood vessels create resistance
60
relationship b/w blood flow and pressure
directly proportional
61
relationship b/w blood flow and resistance
inversely proportional
62
Can blood pressure be dependent on both blood flow and resistance?
YES -> P = F x R
63
What can be changed to regulate resistance?
What can be changed to regulate flow?
radius of arterioles
activity of the heart
64
[Poiseuille's Law]
equation: _____
BP = CO x TPR
arterial blood pressure = Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
65
Cardiac output is determined by 2 parameters:
equation:
heart rate & stroke volume
CO = HR x SV
66
What can regulated cardiac output?
hormones and nervous system
67
The ____ cardiac output & resistance, the ____ BP will be
GREATER
HIGHER
68
Arterial blood pressure is about how hard the heart is working and how __ & ____ arterioles are.
working
| constricted
69
Air is composed of what 3 main gases
NOCO2
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
70
What affect the exchange of O2 and CO2? (2)
solubility of the gases in water + rate of gas diffusion
71
What provides gas the driving force for diffusion?
*Gas moves from ___ to ___*
partial pressure
*higher pressure to low pressure*
72
___ pressure is the individual pressure exerted by each gas
___ pressure is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture of air
*which gas has a direct proportional to its amount in the mixture*
partial
atmosphere
*partial*
73
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is ____ mmHG
760
74
Relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?
Inverse relationship
altitude increases --> a.p decreases
75
If N2 is 78% of the mixture, then it contributes ____ of the atmospheric pressure
78%
76
21% of O2 partial pressure at sea level
0.21 x 760mmHg = 160 mmHg
77
3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water
1. pressure of gas
2. temperature of water
3. presence of other solutes
78
[3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water]
Pressure of gas
-higher pressure = ___ gas in solution
MORE
79
[ 3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water ]
Temperature of water
- ____ water hold more gas
COLD
80
[ 3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water ]
PRESENCE OF OTHER SOLUTES
- ___ amount of gas dissolved in solution
- ____ & ____ both dissolve less O2 than ____
- decrease
| - saltwater & blood ; pure water
81
[RESPIRAROTY SYSTEM]
4 major gas-exchange organs
1. body surface
2. gills
3. tracheae
4. lungs
82
____ is the process of bringing ____ water or air into contact with gas-exchange organs
Ventilation - oxygenated
83
What features do gas-exchange organs have in common (4)
moist surfaces
high SA
extensive blood flow
thin, delicate surfaces
84
[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]
What organisms exchange gasses through BODY SURFACES?
INVERTEBRATES
- cnidarians & platyhelminthes
- amphibians
85
Amphibians - gas exchange
1. On land, rely on _____
2. Under water, rely on ___
some species ____ ____ to increase SA
1. lungs
2. skin
fold skins
86
[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]
What organisms exchange gasses through GILLS?
FISHES
87
Gills can be either ___ or ____
external
| internal
88
External gills are found in _____
- What are the limitations of external gills? (3)
invertebrates
1. lack of protection
2. expensive to move thru water
3. movement attract predators
89
Internal gills are found in ____
- 2 components of gills-
FISHES
1. gill arches
2. gill filaments
90
Gill filaments composed of plate-like structure called ___
lamellae
91
[Blood vessels vs gill filaments]
Afferent vessel brings ____-____ blood ____ filament
Efferent vessel brings ____-___ blood ___ filament
oxygen-poor . to
| oxygen-rich , away from
92
____ ____ of water flow and blood flow maximized oxygen diffusion into blood at the capillaries
countercurrent exchange
93
Countercurrent exchange maximizes _____
oxygen diffusion into blood at capillaries
94
Countercurrent exchange in gill ventilation
1. As water flow through lamellae, _____ diffuse into capillaries
2. ___ flow through lamellae in ____ direction of water flow
* results in _____ for ___ along the capillaries*
* O2 diffuse from region of ____ pressure to ___ pressure*
O2
BLOOD - opposite
* gradient - O2*
* high to low*
95
{[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]
What organisms exchange gasses through TRACHEA?
Insects
96
____ are tiny openings found on the surface of insect's body
Spiracle
97
Spiracles connect to tubes called ____, which form smaller tubes called ____
tracheae - tracheoles
98
Tracheoles contain ___ at their tips that dissolve ____ and transport to nearby cells. CO2 diffuses in ____ direction.
FLUID
O2 in air
Opposite
99
Does the circulatory system play a role in gas exchange?
no
100
[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - TRACHEAL SYSTEM]
| When activity increases, what happened to O2 demand and movement of abdomen and thorax?
O2 demand increases
| abdomen & thorax draw air into and out of tracheae
101
[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]
What organisms exchange gasses through LUNGS?
Vertebrates
102
___ are internal, paired structures that participate in gas exchange
LUNGS
103
____ blood enters the lungs from _____
____ blood leaves the lungs & returns to ____
deoxygenated - heart
| oxygenated - heart
104
Vertebrates ventilate their lungs by _____ ____ _____
negative pressure filling
105
[NEGATIVE PRESSURE FILLING]
1. Inhalation:
- volume ____
- pressure : _____
1. Exhalation:
- volume ____
- pressure : _____
1. increase V ; decrease P
| 2. decrease V; increase P
106
Boyle's law states ____
pressure and volume are inversely related
107
Inhaling will ____ volume
increase
108
Path of air flow
Nose/mouth --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
109
Bronchioles are surrounded by ____ ____ that can constrict or dilate to regulate air flow
smooth muscle
110
_____ are the site of gas exchanges in mammalian respiratory system
Alveoli
111
_____ ____protects the lungs
pleural sacs
112
_____ is a double layer of thin, moist connective tissue that protect lung tissue
PLEURAL SAC
113
Why do movement of chest wall result in movement of lungs?
Pleural sac has 2 layers that are interconnected
Inner layer adhere to surface of lung
Outer layer adheres to chest wall
114
What are the 2 structures involved when inhaling and exhaling?
What do these structure do when inhaling and exhaling?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscle
Inhale = volume increases = contract
Exhale = volume decreases = relax & coil to resting position
115
Air flow into the lungs when:
diaphragm and intercostal muscle ____ as volume ____ & pressure ____
contract - increased & decreased
116
Air flow out of lungs when
diaphragm and intercostal muscle ____ as volume ____ & pressure ____
relax - decreased & increased
117
1. When inhale, intercostal muscle ____, which ____ thoracic cavity
2. Diaphragm ____, which ____ thoracic cavity
3. Air flow in because air pressure in thoracic cavity & lungs is ___ than outside
4. Air flow out when muscles ___, and thoracic cavity is ____
1. contract, expands
2. lower, expands
3. LOWER
4. relax , compressed
118
Mammals breathe by ____ ventilation
TIDAL
119
[Tidal Ventilation]
Air leaves ____ route as it entered
SAME
120
Disadvantage of tidal ventilation
no new oxygen entered airway
121
____ ____ is the amount of air breathed in and out at rest
| *humans: ____ mL
tidal volume
| 500mL
122
[Respiratory system]
countercurrent gas-exchange organs of each organism
Invertebrates -
Fish -
Insects -
Vertebrate -
1. body surfaces
2. gills
3. tracheal system
4. lungs
123
____ facilitate lung inflation
Surfactant - secreted by alveoli II type
124
Surfactant facilitates lung inflation by
decreasing surface tension
125
_____ ____ results from attractive forces between water molecules at air/liquid interface
Surface Tension
126
What can cause collapse of alveoli?
What helps prevent that collapse ?
force produced by surface tension
Surfactants
127
Surfactants is a mixture of ____ & ____ ___.
proteins and amphipathic lipids
128
proteins and amphipathic lipids in surfactants helps ____ (2)
reduce surface tension in alveolar walls
| allow walls to remain open
129
____ ___ are oxygen-bind proteins that evolved in animals
respiratory pigments
130
[Respiratory pigments]
In vertebrates, pigments are in ____
In invertebrates, pigments are in ____
erythrocytes (RBC)
| hemolymph
131
Respiratory pigments contain ____
Hemoglobin contains ___
Hemocyanin contains _____
metals
iron
copper
132
In vertebrates, each molecule of ____ contains of 4 subunits called _____ (Iron is bound to this)
hemoglobin
HEME
133
The binding of O2 is ____ &____
noncovalent
| reversible
134
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows relation ship between
O2 binding to hemoglobin & partial Pressure of O2 (PO2)
135
[oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve]
When PO2 is high, ____ O2 binds to hemoglobin
When PO2 is low, ____ O2 binds to hemoglobin
MORE
| LESS
136
The curve is sigmoidal because ____
subunits of hemoglobin (heme) cooperate w each other to bind O2
137
Reaction between hemoglobin and O2
Hb + O2 ⟺HbO2
138
3 metabolic wastes factors that reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.
Temperature, CO2, pH
139
Increased in metabolic wastes indicated ____ metabolic demand in a tissue.
increased
140
Changes in metabolic demand influence structure of _____ ==> ___O2 is unloaded
hemoglobin, MORE
141
increased metabolic wastes --> ____O2 bound to hemoglobin
less
142
CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 forms:
*These rxns are ____ & ____*
1. in form of HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
2. bound to hemoglobin
3. dissolved in blood plasma
*temporary & reversible*
143
[CO2 transportation in blood]
in a form of HCO3-
H2CO3 is dissociated into ___ & ___.
one ____ for every CO2 enters => ___ change
H+ & HCO3-
| H+ => pH
144
what initiate the expansion of lungs
control center for ventilation
145
Respiratory centers are made up of ___; and located in ____
neurons - brainstem
146
Neurons in ____ ____ send impulses to ____ & _____ (ventilation structure)
respiratory centers
| diaphragm & intercostal muscles
147
____ regulate the activity of respiratory centers
chemoreceptors
148
Chemoreceptors located in the ___, ____, ____
FUNCTION?
aorta
carotid arteries
brainstem
- detect circulating levels of O2, CO2, H+ and relay that information to respiratory centers
149
____ recognize chemicals in air, water, food
chemoreceptors
150
[Control of ventilation]
Chemoreceptors are ____
Respiratory centers are ____
Respiratory muscles are ____
sensors
integrator
effectors
