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BIOL 191 > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory system can be divided into 2 types:

A

Closed and open systems

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2
Q

In ____ circulatory system, contractile heart pumped hemolymph fluid into the body cavity of an animal

In ___ circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are separate and distinct

A

OPEN

CLOSED

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3
Q

In what circulatory systems do the blood and fluid mixed?

In what system do blood and fluid are separated?

A

OPEN

CLOSED

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4
Q

Hemolymph is a mixed fluid of ____ & ____

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between ____ and ____

A

hemolymph - cells

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6
Q

What are not transported in hemolymph?

A

O2 and CO2

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7
Q

what is the benefit of open circulatory system

A

inexpensive

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8
Q

What is the limitation of open circulatory system?

A

cant selectively deliver hemolymph to different tissues

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9
Q

Which organisms have open circulatory system?

A

Mollusks & arthropods

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10
Q

In closed circulatory system, blood flows through ____

A

vessels

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11
Q

Blood is a fluid ____ tissue that contains mixture of ___ & ____.

what do blood transport?

A

connective - cells & solutes

nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2

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12
Q

[blood circulation]

Arteries carry blood____
Veins carry blood___
capillaries are ____

A

away from heart
toward heart
sties of exchange

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13
Q

What can be adjusted to meet metabolic demands? (closed cir systm)

A

distribution of blood flow

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14
Q

What organisms have closed circulatory system?

A

earthworms, cephalopods, all vertebrates

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15
Q

Vertebrate circulatory systems are divided into 2 arrangements:

A

single circulation

double circulation

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16
Q

___ have single circulation

___ ____ ____ have double circulation

A

FISHES

crocodiles, birds, mammals

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17
Q

In single circulation, heart has ___ atrium and ___ ventricle

In double circulation, heart has ___ chambers and ___ circuits of blood flow ( _____ + ____ circulation)

A

1 & 1

4 - 2 - pulmonary and systemic circulation

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18
Q

Amphibians and most reptiles have an ____ type of circulation

A

intermediate

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19
Q

4 components of blood:

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Erythrocytes
  4. Platelets
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20
Q

Function of PLASMA

  • contain?
  • carries
  • transport?
  • maintain?
A
  • water & solutes , buffer
  • nutrients, wastes
  • CO2
  • fluid balance
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21
Q

Function of Leukocytes

A

defense against infection & disease

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22
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

  • contain?
  • measure of cells
  • transport
  • shape?
  • in vertebrates? in mammals?
A
  • hemoglobin
  • Hematocrit
  • O2
  • biconcave
  • retain nuclei ; lost nuclei in mature cells
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23
Q

What is the most common blood cells?

A

RBC - erythrocytes

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24
Q

Function of Platelets

  • work with __
  • main function?
A
  • fibrin
  • Formation of blood clots
  • cell fragments
  • thrombocytes intact
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25
Q

Function of FIBRIN in platelets

A

form meshwork that trap RBC & platelets –> clot seals the wound

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26
Q

RT atrium received ____ blood via ___ & ___

A

deoxygenated - SVC & IVC

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27
Q

LT atrium received ___ blood from ___ ____

A

oxygenated - pulmonary veins

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28
Q

What initiated the beating of the heart?

A

nerves or intrinsic activity of heart muscles

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29
Q

Myogenic hearts are stimulated by ____ ____

Neurogenic heart are stimulated by ____ ____

A

cardiac muscle

nervous system

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30
Q

___ ___ leads to contraction

  • which chamber is excited first?*
A

Electrical excitation

Atria then ventricles

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31
Q

In the heart, the AP originates in the ___ ___

A

sinoatrial node

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32
Q

Sequence of AP through heart

A

sinoatrial node –> atrioventricular node –> atrioventricular bundle –> bundle branches –> purkinje fibers

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33
Q

Chambers progress through 2 phases during cardiac cycle:

A

Diastole & Systole

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34
Q

[HEART]
____ is when muscle is relaxed and chamber is filling

____ is when muscle is contracting, and chamber is empty

A

Diastole

Systole

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35
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole –> atrial diastole –> ventricular systole –> ventricular diastole

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36
Q

Semilunar valves open and ejected blood when ventricular pressure ____ pressure in the arteries

A

exceeds

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37
Q

Heart valves open and close in response to ____ ____

Heart valves prevent ___

A

pressure gradient

backflow

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38
Q

Blood pressure is ____

A

forced by blood on the walls of blood vessels

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39
Q

Pressure is highest during ___ ___ and lowest during ___ ___

A

ventricular systole

ventricular diastole

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40
Q

ECG reveals waves of electrical excitation:

  • P wave:
  • QRS complex:
  • T wave:
A
  • atrial excitation OR formation of AP at SA nodes
  • ventricular excitation
  • reset of ventricles back to rest state
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41
Q

Sequence of blood flow through vessels in closed circulatory system

A

heart –> large arteries –> small arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> small veins –> large veins –> heart

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42
Q

____are thick-walled vessels that conduct blood AWAY from the heart to ___ & ___

They have multiple __ layers

A

Arteries - organs & tissues

Elastic

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43
Q

Aorta is a type of ____ that transport ____ blood

A

arteries

oxygen-rich

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44
Q

____ distribute blood to capillaries

A

Arterioles

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45
Q

Arterioles composed of 1 or 2 layers of _____ ____ and ____ ___ surrounding a layer of endothelium

A

smooth muscle

connective tissue

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46
Q

TO control blood distribution, arterioles can ____ & ____

A

dilate

constrict

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47
Q

_____ are composed of endothelial cells, supported by extracellular matrix

A

Capillaries

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48
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in blood circulation?

A

Capillaries

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49
Q

Fluid are out of the blood at ____ of capillary.

Most fluid is returned to blood at ____ of capillary.

A

beginning

venule-end

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50
Q

What system collects excess interstitial fluid?

A

Lymphatic system

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51
Q

____ and ____ return blood to the heart

A

Venules & veins

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52
Q

SVC AND IVC are related to ____

A

veins

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53
Q

Venules are small thin-walled vessels that carry blood ___ from ____

A

away - capillaries

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54
Q

The walls are thinner in ___ than ____;

A

veins - arteries

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55
Q

blood pressure is low in ____ (veins or arteries)

A

veins

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56
Q

In ____, SVC, IVC and valves are present

A

veins

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57
Q

Factors assist blood flow through veins: (3)

A

communication through nervous system
skeletal muscle activity
valves

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58
Q

Vein with __-way valves cause blood to flow in 1 direction

Vein with ___-way valves force blood to flow in both directions

A

1

0

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59
Q

mathematic relationship b/w 3 parameters?

Blood pressure:____
Blood flow: ___
Resistance:____

A

the F = P / R

force exerted by blood on vessel walls
driven by blood pressure
slow (F) - source: blood vessels create resistance

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60
Q

relationship b/w blood flow and pressure

A

directly proportional

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61
Q

relationship b/w blood flow and resistance

A

inversely proportional

62
Q

Can blood pressure be dependent on both blood flow and resistance?

A

YES -> P = F x R

63
Q

What can be changed to regulate resistance?

What can be changed to regulate flow?

A

radius of arterioles

activity of the heart

64
Q

[Poiseuille’s Law]

equation: _____

A

BP = CO x TPR

arterial blood pressure = Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

65
Q

Cardiac output is determined by 2 parameters:

equation:

A

heart rate & stroke volume

CO = HR x SV

66
Q

What can regulated cardiac output?

A

hormones and nervous system

67
Q

The ____ cardiac output & resistance, the ____ BP will be

A

GREATER

HIGHER

68
Q

Arterial blood pressure is about how hard the heart is working and how __ & ____ arterioles are.

A

working

constricted

69
Q

Air is composed of what 3 main gases

A

NOCO2

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

70
Q

What affect the exchange of O2 and CO2? (2)

A

solubility of the gases in water + rate of gas diffusion

71
Q

What provides gas the driving force for diffusion?

Gas moves from ___ to ___

A

partial pressure

higher pressure to low pressure

72
Q

___ pressure is the individual pressure exerted by each gas

___ pressure is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture of air

which gas has a direct proportional to its amount in the mixture

A

partial

atmosphere

partial

73
Q

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is ____ mmHG

A

760

74
Q

Relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?

A

Inverse relationship

altitude increases –> a.p decreases

75
Q

If N2 is 78% of the mixture, then it contributes ____ of the atmospheric pressure

A

78%

76
Q

21% of O2 partial pressure at sea level

A

0.21 x 760mmHg = 160 mmHg

77
Q

3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water

A
  1. pressure of gas
  2. temperature of water
  3. presence of other solutes
78
Q

[3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water]

Pressure of gas

-higher pressure = ___ gas in solution

A

MORE

79
Q

[ 3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water ]

Temperature of water

  • ____ water hold more gas
A

COLD

80
Q

[ 3 factors that affect the solubility of gas in water ]

PRESENCE OF OTHER SOLUTES

  • ___ amount of gas dissolved in solution
  • ____ & ____ both dissolve less O2 than ____
A
  • decrease

- saltwater & blood ; pure water

81
Q

[RESPIRAROTY SYSTEM]

4 major gas-exchange organs

A
  1. body surface
  2. gills
  3. tracheae
  4. lungs
82
Q

____ is the process of bringing ____ water or air into contact with gas-exchange organs

A

Ventilation - oxygenated

83
Q

What features do gas-exchange organs have in common (4)

A

moist surfaces
high SA
extensive blood flow
thin, delicate surfaces

84
Q

[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]

What organisms exchange gasses through BODY SURFACES?

A

INVERTEBRATES

  • cnidarians & platyhelminthes
  • amphibians
85
Q

Amphibians - gas exchange

  1. On land, rely on _____
  2. Under water, rely on ___

some species ____ ____ to increase SA

A
  1. lungs
  2. skin

fold skins

86
Q

[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]

What organisms exchange gasses through GILLS?

A

FISHES

87
Q

Gills can be either ___ or ____

A

external

internal

88
Q

External gills are found in _____

  • What are the limitations of external gills? (3)
A

invertebrates

  1. lack of protection
  2. expensive to move thru water
  3. movement attract predators
89
Q

Internal gills are found in ____

  • 2 components of gills-
A

FISHES

  1. gill arches
  2. gill filaments
90
Q

Gill filaments composed of plate-like structure called ___

A

lamellae

91
Q

[Blood vessels vs gill filaments]

Afferent vessel brings ____-____ blood ____ filament

Efferent vessel brings ____-___ blood ___ filament

A

oxygen-poor . to

oxygen-rich , away from

92
Q

____ ____ of water flow and blood flow maximized oxygen diffusion into blood at the capillaries

A

countercurrent exchange

93
Q

Countercurrent exchange maximizes _____

A

oxygen diffusion into blood at capillaries

94
Q

Countercurrent exchange in gill ventilation

  1. As water flow through lamellae, _____ diffuse into capillaries
  2. ___ flow through lamellae in ____ direction of water flow
  • results in _____ for ___ along the capillaries*
  • O2 diffuse from region of ____ pressure to ___ pressure*
A

O2
BLOOD - opposite

  • gradient - O2*
  • high to low*
95
Q

{[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]

What organisms exchange gasses through TRACHEA?

A

Insects

96
Q

____ are tiny openings found on the surface of insect’s body

A

Spiracle

97
Q

Spiracles connect to tubes called ____, which form smaller tubes called ____

A

tracheae - tracheoles

98
Q

Tracheoles contain ___ at their tips that dissolve ____ and transport to nearby cells. CO2 diffuses in ____ direction.

A

FLUID
O2 in air
Opposite

99
Q

Does the circulatory system play a role in gas exchange?

A

no

100
Q

[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - TRACHEAL SYSTEM]

When activity increases, what happened to O2 demand and movement of abdomen and thorax?

A

O2 demand increases

abdomen & thorax draw air into and out of tracheae

101
Q

[RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]

What organisms exchange gasses through LUNGS?

A

Vertebrates

102
Q

___ are internal, paired structures that participate in gas exchange

A

LUNGS

103
Q

____ blood enters the lungs from _____

____ blood leaves the lungs & returns to ____

A

deoxygenated - heart

oxygenated - heart

104
Q

Vertebrates ventilate their lungs by _____ ____ _____

A

negative pressure filling

105
Q

[NEGATIVE PRESSURE FILLING]

  1. Inhalation:
    - volume ____
    - pressure : _____
  2. Exhalation:
    - volume ____
    - pressure : _____
A
  1. increase V ; decrease P

2. decrease V; increase P

106
Q

Boyle’s law states ____

A

pressure and volume are inversely related

107
Q

Inhaling will ____ volume

A

increase

108
Q

Path of air flow

A

Nose/mouth –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

109
Q

Bronchioles are surrounded by ____ ____ that can constrict or dilate to regulate air flow

A

smooth muscle

110
Q

_____ are the site of gas exchanges in mammalian respiratory system

A

Alveoli

111
Q

_____ ____protects the lungs

A

pleural sacs

112
Q

_____ is a double layer of thin, moist connective tissue that protect lung tissue

A

PLEURAL SAC

113
Q

Why do movement of chest wall result in movement of lungs?

A

Pleural sac has 2 layers that are interconnected

Inner layer adhere to surface of lung
Outer layer adheres to chest wall

114
Q

What are the 2 structures involved when inhaling and exhaling?
What do these structure do when inhaling and exhaling?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscle

Inhale = volume increases = contract

Exhale = volume decreases = relax & coil to resting position

115
Q

Air flow into the lungs when:

diaphragm and intercostal muscle ____ as volume ____ & pressure ____

A

contract - increased & decreased

116
Q

Air flow out of lungs when

diaphragm and intercostal muscle ____ as volume ____ & pressure ____

A

relax - decreased & increased

117
Q
  1. When inhale, intercostal muscle ____, which ____ thoracic cavity
  2. Diaphragm ____, which ____ thoracic cavity
  3. Air flow in because air pressure in thoracic cavity & lungs is ___ than outside
  4. Air flow out when muscles ___, and thoracic cavity is ____
A
  1. contract, expands
  2. lower, expands
  3. LOWER
  4. relax , compressed
118
Q

Mammals breathe by ____ ventilation

A

TIDAL

119
Q

[Tidal Ventilation]

Air leaves ____ route as it entered

A

SAME

120
Q

Disadvantage of tidal ventilation

A

no new oxygen entered airway

121
Q

____ ____ is the amount of air breathed in and out at rest

*humans: ____ mL

A

tidal volume

500mL

122
Q

[Respiratory system]

countercurrent gas-exchange organs of each organism

Invertebrates -
Fish -
Insects -
Vertebrate -

A
  1. body surfaces
  2. gills
  3. tracheal system
  4. lungs
123
Q

____ facilitate lung inflation

A

Surfactant - secreted by alveoli II type

124
Q

Surfactant facilitates lung inflation by

A

decreasing surface tension

125
Q

_____ ____ results from attractive forces between water molecules at air/liquid interface

A

Surface Tension

126
Q

What can cause collapse of alveoli?

What helps prevent that collapse ?

A

force produced by surface tension

Surfactants

127
Q

Surfactants is a mixture of ____ & ____ ___.

A

proteins and amphipathic lipids

128
Q

proteins and amphipathic lipids in surfactants helps ____ (2)

A

reduce surface tension in alveolar walls

allow walls to remain open

129
Q

____ ___ are oxygen-bind proteins that evolved in animals

A

respiratory pigments

130
Q

[Respiratory pigments]

In vertebrates, pigments are in ____

In invertebrates, pigments are in ____

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

hemolymph

131
Q

Respiratory pigments contain ____
Hemoglobin contains ___
Hemocyanin contains _____

A

metals
iron
copper

132
Q

In vertebrates, each molecule of ____ contains of 4 subunits called _____ (Iron is bound to this)

A

hemoglobin

HEME

133
Q

The binding of O2 is ____ &____

A

noncovalent

reversible

134
Q

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows relation ship between

A

O2 binding to hemoglobin & partial Pressure of O2 (PO2)

135
Q

[oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve]

When PO2 is high, ____ O2 binds to hemoglobin

When PO2 is low, ____ O2 binds to hemoglobin

A

MORE

LESS

136
Q

The curve is sigmoidal because ____

A

subunits of hemoglobin (heme) cooperate w each other to bind O2

137
Q

Reaction between hemoglobin and O2

A

Hb + O2 ⟺HbO2

138
Q

3 metabolic wastes factors that reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.

A

Temperature, CO2, pH

139
Q

Increased in metabolic wastes indicated ____ metabolic demand in a tissue.

A

increased

140
Q

Changes in metabolic demand influence structure of _____ ==> ___O2 is unloaded

A

hemoglobin, MORE

141
Q

increased metabolic wastes –> ____O2 bound to hemoglobin

A

less

142
Q

CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 forms:

These rxns are ____ & ____

A
  1. in form of HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
  2. bound to hemoglobin
  3. dissolved in blood plasma

temporary & reversible

143
Q

[CO2 transportation in blood]

in a form of HCO3-

H2CO3 is dissociated into ___ & ___.
one ____ for every CO2 enters => ___ change

A

H+ & HCO3-

H+ => pH

144
Q

what initiate the expansion of lungs

A

control center for ventilation

145
Q

Respiratory centers are made up of ___; and located in ____

A

neurons - brainstem

146
Q

Neurons in ____ ____ send impulses to ____ & _____ (ventilation structure)

A

respiratory centers

diaphragm & intercostal muscles

147
Q

____ regulate the activity of respiratory centers

A

chemoreceptors

148
Q

Chemoreceptors located in the ___, ____, ____

FUNCTION?

A

aorta
carotid arteries
brainstem

  • detect circulating levels of O2, CO2, H+ and relay that information to respiratory centers
149
Q

____ recognize chemicals in air, water, food

A

chemoreceptors

150
Q

[Control of ventilation]

Chemoreceptors are ____
Respiratory centers are ____
Respiratory muscles are ____

A

sensors
integrator
effectors

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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