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BIOL 191 > BIOL 191 - C28 > Flashcards

BIOL 191 - C28 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of seedling development begins when ____

A

seeds germinate and dormant embryo become metaboically active

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2
Q

___ is an increase in weight or size, whereas ___ is a series of changes in the state of a cell, tissue, organ, or body.

A

GROWTH

DEVELOPMENT

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3
Q

seedlings grow and develop into mature ___ bodies capable of reproduction

A

sporophyte

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4
Q

what produce gametophytes?

A

FLOWER

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5
Q

Flower produce ___ that engage in sexual reproduction

A

gametophytes

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6
Q

___ disperse seeds

A

FRUIT

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7
Q

___ are reproductive structures that allow plants to survive periods of unsuitable for growth

A

SEEDS

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8
Q

__ contain ___ that develop into seedling

A

seeds

embryo

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9
Q

A vascular bundle is a cluster of ___ vascular tissues

A

primary

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10
Q

__ stage is the most vulnerable stage of life

A

seedling stage

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11
Q

the energy needed for growth and development is from the stored food within ___

A

seed

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12
Q

The angiosperm plant body is composed of 3 types organs

A

stems, leaves, and roots

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13
Q

___ +___ make up the plant shoot

A

stems & leaves

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14
Q

Plant seedlings and mature plants produce new tissues in areas of undifferentiated cells called ___

A

meristems

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15
Q

___ powers the transformation of seedlings into mature plants

A

Photosyntesis

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16
Q

The development of mature plants involves ___ + ___

A

vegetative growth & reproductive development

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17
Q

vegetative growth & reproductive development involved ___

A

organ system

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18
Q

Organ systems composed of (5)

A

branches, buds, flowers, seeds, fruits

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19
Q

Hierarchy of plant structure:

A

cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ systems

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20
Q

__ growth is the growth of non-reproductive parts of the plant body.

size of __ & ___ increase

A

Vegetative

shoot & root systems

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21
Q

During vegetative growth, plant shoot produce ___

A

BUDS

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22
Q

each bud has ___ ____ ____

A

shoot apical meristem (SAM)

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23
Q

___ develop from spores

___ produced spores by __

A

Gametophyte

Sporophyte - meiosis

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24
Q

Vegetative growth display ___ growth where apical meristems continuously produce new stem tissues & leaves

A

Indeterminate

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25
Q

Indeterminate growth?

A

apical meristems produce new stem tissues & leaves

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26
Q

Animal bodies & Flowers display ___ growth

A

determinate

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27
Q

Determinate growth ?

A

growth of limitede duration

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28
Q

A shoot module is the combination of __ (4)

A

node, internode, leaf, and axillary bud

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29
Q

A plant’s shoot system consists of ___ (3)

A

buds, leaves, branches

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30
Q

Reproductive structures are __ (3)

A

flowers, seeds, fruits

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31
Q

___ & floral buds are the reproductive shoot that develops when ___ produce flower parts instead of new stem tissues & leaves

A

Flowers

SAMS

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32
Q

Flowers are produced by ___ growth

A

determinate

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33
Q

___ gametophyte produces ___ in ovules which are produced within the ovary of the pistil

A

female

eggs

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34
Q

___ gametophyte begin development within ___ ___ that are produced in the anthers of stamens

A

MALE

POLLEN GRAINS

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35
Q

Fertilization generates ___

Zygotes develop into ____

Ovules develop into ___

flower parts develop into ___

A

zygotes

embryo

seeds

fruits

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36
Q

Flowering plants are categorized into 2 groups: ___ & ___

A

eudicots & monocots

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37
Q

Cotyledons (seed leaves) - Eudicots have __ & Monocots have __

A

2 & 1

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38
Q 
# of flower parts - 
Eudicots have \_\_\_

Monocots have ___

A

4 or 5 or multiples

3 or multiple of 3

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39
Q

Stem vascular bundles -

Eudicots ___

Monocots ___

A

arranged in a ring

scattered

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40
Q

Root system:

Eudicots ___

Monocots ___

A
  • branched taproot

- fibrous

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41
Q

Leaf venation

Eudicots ___

Monocots ___

A

netted or branched

Parallel

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42
Q

Pollen -

Eudicots __

Monocots ___

A

3 pores or slits

1 pore or slit

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43
Q

___are plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life (Ex?)

A

Annuals - Corn

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44
Q

___ are plants that dont reproduce first year but may the following year (Ex?)

A

Biennials - Carrots, sugar beets

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45
Q

___ are plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed each year

A

Perennials - trees

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46
Q

___ & ___ carry water & minerals

A

Vessels & Tracheids

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47
Q

The function of a cuticle is to ___

A

prevent water loss in a shoot.

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48
Q

What are the 4 processes essential to plant & animal development ?

A

Cell division
cell growth
cell specialization
programmed cell death

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49
Q

___plant has a seed-to-seed life span of a year or less, whereas the life spans of ___and ___ are longer

A

annual

biennails & perennials

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50
Q

additional & distinctive aspects of plant growth & development include: (4)

A
  1. development and maintainance of plant-specific architecture
  2. increase in length by activity of meristems
  3. maintenance of a population of stem cells in meristems
  4. expansion of cells in controlled directions by water uptake
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51
Q

2 important aspects of plant architectures

A

apical-basal polarity & radial symmetry

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52
Q

Apical-basal polarity:

___ region refers to tips of shoot & root

___ region refers to bottom of a root

___ occur at apical pole

___ occur at basal pole

A

APICAL

BASAL

Shoot apical meristems (SAM)

Root apical meristems (RAM)

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53
Q

Apical-basal polarity originates during ___ ____

A

embryo development

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54
Q

As ___ grows, it generate ___ meristems that increase plant length & produce plant organs

A

SAM

PRIMARY

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55
Q

Animals has development influenced by ___ genes, whereas plant apical-basal polarity is influenced by ___ genes

A

HOX

GNOM

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56
Q

Radial symmetry

Plant embryo display ___ shape, which is retained in the ___ + ___ of seedlings and mature plants

A

cylinder

stems & roots

57
Q

Plant embryo –> seedlings —> mature plant by adding new cells from 2 growth points:

A

SAM & RAM

58
Q

SAM & RAM give rise to more apical meristems located in the ___ of shoots & at the tips of ___

A

BUD

ROOT

59
Q

__ meristems of woody plants also give rise to ___ meristems

A

primary

secondary

60
Q

___ meristems increase the grith of woody plant stems & roots

A

secondary

61
Q

___ develops at the stem surface & produce ___, a waxy coat

A

epidermis

cuticle

62
Q

What is the function of CUTICLE?

A

waxy coat that reduce water loss & provide protection

63
Q

The ___ is beneath the epidermis and compose of ___ tissue, which contain of thin-walled parenchyma cells types that store starch in plastids

A

CORTEX

parenchyma

64
Q

Function of parenchyma cells?

A

store starch in plastids

65
Q

What type of cell served as organic food reserve in primary stem tissue ?

A

Parenchyma cells

66
Q

Stem parenchyma also has the ability to undergo ___ ___, which do what when cells are damaged?

A

cell division

aids wouund healing

67
Q

Stems also contain ___ tissue which composed of ___ cells & rigid ___ tissue

function-?

A

collenchyma

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

provide strength & protection for stem

68
Q

Water-and-food conducting tissue called ___ ____ ___ develop inside young shoots & roots of all vascular plants

A

primary vascular tissues

69
Q

Plant vascular tissues occur in two forms :

A

XYLEM

PHLOEM

70
Q

Primary vascular tissues are arranged in elongate clusters called ___ ____
(eudicots vs monocots)

A

vascular bundles

eudicots (ring)
monocots (scattered)

71
Q

Cork is produced from ___ ____ which is ___ meristems

A

Cork cambium which is secondary meristem

72
Q

As young leaves develop, they:

acquire ___ ____ that is connect to stem xylem & phloem

become flattened, which increase ___ ___ for photosynthesis & helps to ___ ___ ____

become ___ symmetric

A

vascular tissue

surface area & shed excess heat

bilateral

73
Q

Upper, lower, interal leaf tissues develop different way to foster ___:

  1. ___ leaf eidermis displays more ___, help to prevent water loss
  2. ___ ___ leaf
  3. ___ ____ are composed of leaf vascular tissues
A

photosynthesis

  1. Lower - stomata
  2. internal mesophyll
  3. leaf veins
74
Q

Leaf mesophyll included:

  1. englongtate ___ ___ that absorb ___
  2. round ___ ____ that foster ___ ____
A
  1. palisade parenchyma - light

2. spongy parenchyma - gas exchange

75
Q

The ___ tissue conduct ___ & ____

The ___ tissue carry ___ products of photosynthesis from leaf cells to stem vascular tissues

A

Xylem - water & minerals

Phloem - sugar

76
Q

___ system anchor plants in soil & play important role in absorbing ___ & ___

A

ROOT

water & minerals nutrients

77
Q

In ___, main root develops from embryonic root & then produce branch roots

In ___, embryonic root dies after seed germination & replaced by fibrous root system

  • The tips of ___ and their branches each possess an ____ meristem that add new cels *
A

Eudicots

Monocots

roots - apical

78
Q

Undifferentiated cells in plant meristems are called___

A

stem cells

79
Q

What is the fate of stem cells when it divide?

A

1 cell remain stem cell

1 cell become specialized cell

80
Q

What will influence the size of meristems which in turn affect plant growth?

A

Stem cell numbers

81
Q

2 requirements for plant growth?

A

new cells produced at meristems & cell expansion

82
Q

___ is when water ___ central vacuole causing cell extension, which also cause the cell walls to expand

A

OSMOSIS, enter

83
Q

Plant cell walls contain ___ ____ that are held together by crosslinking ___

A

cellulose microfibrils

polysaccharides

84
Q

___ are proteins that are produced in response to pressure on the cell walls & acidic conditions

A

Expansins

85
Q

What is the function of EXPANSINS?

A

unzip crossling cell-wall polysaccharides from cellulose microfibrils so that cell wall can stretch

86
Q

What control the direction in which plant cell expands ? (2)

A

arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in cell wall

orientation of cytoplasmic microtubules

87
Q

Cell wall expands more easily in ___ direction

A

perpendicular

88
Q

How can plant cell wall expand easily in perpendicular direction?

A

cellulose microfibrils encircle cells in same orientation as cytoplasmic microtubules

89
Q

The shoot system includesd: (4). It also produces ___ & ___ when plant is mature

A

stem, branches, leaves, buds

fruits & flowers

90
Q

A shoot module consists of 4 parts:

  1. __ is where leave emerge
  2. ___ is the region between adjacent nodes
  3. ___ has a shoot apical meristem at its tip
  4. ___
A
  1. node
  2. internode
  3. bud
  4. a leaf
91
Q

Which feature of leaves allows them to absorb solar energy?

Lobed structure

Flat shape

Epidermal outgrowths

Tubular shape

A

flat shape

92
Q

Leaf development is regulated by ___ & ___

A

hormones & miRNAs

93
Q

__ are signaling molecules that are produced at one site & exert their effects on distant target cells

A

HORMONE

94
Q

There are 2 important plant hormones:

  1. ___ control production of ___ ___
  2. ___ ___ stimulates ___ ____ & ___ ____ causing young leaves to grow
A
  1. Auxin - leaf primordia

2. Gibberellic acid - cell divison & cell englargement

95
Q

Auxin controls ___

A

production of leaf primodria

96
Q

Gibberllic acid stimulates ____

A

cell division & cell enlargement

97
Q

Apical-Basal polarity is growth in ___ of roots & ___ of stems

A

length of roots

height of stems

98
Q

____ are small molecules of RNA that silence the expression of specific genes

A

miRNA

99
Q

____ are small molecules of RNA that silence the expression of specific genes

A

miRNA

100
Q

function of miRNA in leaf development (3)

A

regulate leaf flattening, leaf shape, and differentiation of upper & lower leaf surfaces

101
Q

2 types of water carrying cells in xylem are ___ & ____

A

vessel elements & tracheids

102
Q

In Eudicot, leaf blade attached to ____ (identify on pic)

In Monocot, leaf blade grow ___

A

Petiole

directly from stem

103
Q

FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

  1. occur after ___
  2. aids in ___
  3. result from ____ growth
A
  1. fertilization
  2. seed dispersal
  3. reproductive
104
Q

Leaf surfaces show adaptive features:

  1. Leaf epidermal cells release ___ helps plants avoid desiccation
  2. Some epidermal cells differentiate into ____, which are hair-like projections that provides protection from excessive light, UV radiation, extreme air tempt, and attack by herbivores
  3. ___ cells surround stomata, allow it to close when___ and open when ___ to prevent water loss
A
  1. cuticle
  2. trichomes
  3. Guard - close when dry , open when moist
105
Q

Leaf blades are thin to avoid ____

A

overheating

106
Q

Leaves function as ___ organs, some are modified for other functions (4):

  1. ___ helps plant attach to supporting structure
  2. ___protect buds from winter damage
  3. ____ colored leaves that attract pollinators
  4. ___ serve as defensive role
A

Photosynthesis

  1. Tendrils
  2. Scales
  3. Bracts
  4. Spines
107
Q

____ plants such as corn & beans product mostly ____ ____ ____

____ plants produce both ___ & ____ ____ ____

A

herbaceous - primary vascular tissues

woody - both primary and secondary vascular tissues

108
Q

Primary XYLEM include (2)

A
  1. unspecialized parenchyma cells

2. two types of cells that facilitate water transport

109
Q

Two types of cell that facilitate water transport in primary xylem are:

___ trachieds

___ vessel elements

___ & ___ are no longer living cells

A

narrower
wider

MATURE trachied & vessel elements

110
Q

Primary ____ include ___ cells that transport organic compounds & minerals

A

PHLOEM - living

111
Q

Phloem tissues has _____ elements, thin-walled cells that are arranged end to end to form pipelines

A

Sieve-tube

112
Q

___ in the walls of sieve-tube elements allow solution to _____

A

PORES

move from one cell to another

113
Q

Phloem tissue also include ____ cells that aid sieve-tube element metabolism, supportive fibers, and parenchyma cells

A

companion

114
Q

Phloem fibers are ___ ____ cells

A

tough-walled sclerenchyma

115
Q

___ vascular tissues composed of :

  1. secondary xylem (aka ____)
  2. secondary phloem (aka___)
    * the outer bark is composed of ____ ____ cells*
A

secondary

  1. wood
  2. inner bark
    * dead cork *
116
Q

Secondary meristems (aka____)

A

larteral meristems

117
Q

2 types of secondary meristems are ___ & ____

secondary meristems are derived from _____

A

vascular cambium

cork cambium

primary meristems

118
Q
  1. What is vascular cambium?
  2. What does it produce?
    ___ to the inside
    ___ to the outside
    ==> increase ___ of ___ ____
A
  1. ring of dividing cells
  2. produce secondary xylem & phloem

xylem - inside

phloem - outside

increase girth of woody stems

119
Q

During new growing season, vascular cambium produces ____ of ____ xylem & phloem that form ____

A

cylinders

growth rings

120
Q

The ___ ____ is another ring of actively dividing cells that produce ___ bark

A

CORK CAMBIUM

OUTER

121
Q

Stems grow ____ bc light is required for photosynthesis

Some stems (aka____) occur underground and grow ____

A

upright

rhizomes - horizontally

122
Q

Horizontal stems of ____ help protect against natural hazzards

A

GRASS

123
Q

3 FUNCTION OF ROOTS

A

absorb minerals & water
anchor plants in soil
store nutrients

124
Q

Root modifications provide advantages:

  1. ___ roots & ___ roots keep plants upright that grow in thin soils
  2. ___ are roots that grow upward into the air when submerged roots are in oxygen-poor sediments
A
  1. Prop & Buttress

2. Pneumatophores

125
Q

Identify 3 major zones of root:

A

root apical meristem
zone of root elongation
zone of maturation

126
Q

RAM contain stem cells that give rise to

  1. ____ cells that can sense ____ & ___
  2. protective ___ ____ cells
  3. Internal root tissues: ___ & ____
A
  1. columella - sense gravity & touch
  2. root cap
  3. xylem & phloem
127
Q

In the zone of ____, cells extend by water uptake.

In the zone of ____, cells differentiate to form specialized tissues

A

ELONGATION

MATURATION

128
Q

Zone of maturation can be identified by the presence of ____ - function?

A

ROOT HAIRS

- uptake water & minerals from narrow soil pores

129
Q

A MATURE ROOT HAS:

  1. ___ ___ at the core
  2. enclosing cylinder called ___ that produce branch roots
  3. ___ that helps roots avoid conducting toxic materials
  4. ____ cortex
  5. ___ cells at the surface
A
  1. vascular bundles
  2. pericycle
  3. endodermis
  4. starch-storing
  5. epidermis
130
Q

External structure of root, starting at tip moving toward shoot

A

ROOT CAP, Z. OF E, Z. OF M.

131
Q

Functions of TRICHOMES:

A

provides protection from excessive light, UV radiation
extreme air tempt
attack by herbivores
minimize water loss

132
Q

Guard cells allow stomata to open when conditions are ____, and closed when conditions are____

A

moist,

dry

133
Q

Cactus spines are modified ____

A

leaves

134
Q

Conducting cells of phloem are ___

A

sieve-tube elements

135
Q

PLANT LIFE CYCLE after fertilization

A

Embryo development –> seedling growth –> gametophyte development —> gamete production

136
Q

Events occur through stomata

  1. CO2 __ leaves
  2. O2 ___ leaves
  3. Water ___ leaves
A
  1. enter
  2. exit
  3. exit
137
Q

A RHIZOME has ___ while a ROOT does not

A

NODE

138
Q

function in modified leaves in poinsettia:

A

attract pollinators

139
Q

Plant embryos grow into seedlings due to the activities of the ___ apical meristems & ___ apical meristems

A

ROOT

SHOOT

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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