BIOL 191 - C28 Flashcards
1
Q
The process of seedling development begins when ____
A
seeds germinate and dormant embryo become metaboically active
2
Q
___ is an increase in weight or size, whereas ___ is a series of changes in the state of a cell, tissue, organ, or body.
A
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT
3
Q
seedlings grow and develop into mature ___ bodies capable of reproduction
A
sporophyte
4
Q
what produce gametophytes?
A
FLOWER
5
Q
Flower produce ___ that engage in sexual reproduction
A
gametophytes
6
Q
___ disperse seeds
A
FRUIT
7
Q
___ are reproductive structures that allow plants to survive periods of unsuitable for growth
A
SEEDS
8
Q
__ contain ___ that develop into seedling
A
seeds
embryo
9
Q
A vascular bundle is a cluster of ___ vascular tissues
A
primary
10
Q
__ stage is the most vulnerable stage of life
A
seedling stage
11
Q
the energy needed for growth and development is from the stored food within ___
A
seed
12
Q
The angiosperm plant body is composed of 3 types organs
A
stems, leaves, and roots
13
Q
___ +___ make up the plant shoot
A
stems & leaves
14
Q
Plant seedlings and mature plants produce new tissues in areas of undifferentiated cells called ___
A
meristems
15
Q
___ powers the transformation of seedlings into mature plants
A
Photosyntesis
16
Q
The development of mature plants involves ___ + ___
A
vegetative growth & reproductive development
17
Q
vegetative growth & reproductive development involved ___
A
organ system
18
Q
Organ systems composed of (5)
A
branches, buds, flowers, seeds, fruits
19
Q
Hierarchy of plant structure:
A
cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ systems
20
Q
__ growth is the growth of non-reproductive parts of the plant body.
size of __ & ___ increase
A
Vegetative
shoot & root systems
21
Q
During vegetative growth, plant shoot produce ___
A
BUDS
22
Q
each bud has ___ ____ ____
A
shoot apical meristem (SAM)
23
Q
___ develop from spores
___ produced spores by __
A
Gametophyte
Sporophyte - meiosis
24
Q
Vegetative growth display ___ growth where apical meristems continuously produce new stem tissues & leaves
A
Indeterminate
25
Indeterminate growth?
apical meristems produce new stem tissues & leaves
26
Animal bodies & Flowers display ___ growth
determinate
27
Determinate growth ?
growth of limitede duration
28
A shoot module is the combination of __ (4)
node, internode, leaf, and axillary bud
29
A plant's shoot system consists of ___ (3)
buds, leaves, branches
30
Reproductive structures are __ (3)
flowers, seeds, fruits
31
___ & floral buds are the reproductive shoot that develops when ___ produce flower parts instead of new stem tissues & leaves
Flowers
SAMS
32
Flowers are produced by ___ growth
determinate
33
___ gametophyte produces ___ in ovules which are produced within the ovary of the pistil
female
| eggs
34
___ gametophyte begin development within ___ ___ that are produced in the anthers of stamens
MALE
POLLEN GRAINS
35
Fertilization generates ___
Zygotes develop into ____
Ovules develop into ___
flower parts develop into ___
zygotes
embryo
seeds
fruits
36
Flowering plants are categorized into 2 groups: ___ & ___
eudicots & monocots
37
Cotyledons (seed leaves) - Eudicots have __ & Monocots have __
2 & 1
38
```
# of flower parts -
Eudicots have ___
```
Monocots have ___
4 or 5 or multiples
3 or multiple of 3
39
Stem vascular bundles -
Eudicots ___
Monocots ___
arranged in a ring
scattered
40
Root system:
Eudicots ___
Monocots ___
- branched taproot
| - fibrous
41
Leaf venation
Eudicots ___
Monocots ___
netted or branched
Parallel
42
Pollen -
Eudicots __
Monocots ___
3 pores or slits
1 pore or slit
43
___are plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life (Ex?)
Annuals - Corn
44
___ are plants that dont reproduce first year but may the following year (Ex?)
Biennials - Carrots, sugar beets
45
___ are plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed each year
Perennials - trees
46
___ & ___ carry water & minerals
Vessels & Tracheids
47
The function of a cuticle is to ___
prevent water loss in a shoot.
48
What are the 4 processes essential to plant & animal development ?
Cell division
cell growth
cell specialization
programmed cell death
49
___plant has a seed-to-seed life span of a year or less, whereas the life spans of ___and ___ are longer
annual
| biennails & perennials
50
additional & distinctive aspects of plant growth & development include: (4)
1. development and maintainance of plant-specific architecture
2. increase in length by activity of meristems
3. maintenance of a population of stem cells in meristems
4. expansion of cells in controlled directions by water uptake
51
2 important aspects of plant architectures
apical-basal polarity & radial symmetry
52
Apical-basal polarity:
___ region refers to tips of shoot & root
___ region refers to bottom of a root
___ occur at apical pole
___ occur at basal pole
APICAL
BASAL
Shoot apical meristems (SAM)
Root apical meristems (RAM)
53
Apical-basal polarity originates during ___ ____
embryo development
54
As ___ grows, it generate ___ meristems that increase plant length & produce plant organs
SAM
PRIMARY
55
Animals has development influenced by ___ genes, whereas plant apical-basal polarity is influenced by ___ genes
HOX
GNOM
56
Radial symmetry
Plant embryo display ___ shape, which is retained in the ___ + ___ of seedlings and mature plants
cylinder
stems & roots
57
Plant embryo --> seedlings ---> mature plant by adding new cells from 2 growth points:
SAM & RAM
58
SAM & RAM give rise to more apical meristems located in the ___ of shoots & at the tips of ___
BUD
ROOT
59
__ meristems of woody plants also give rise to ___ meristems
primary
secondary
60
___ meristems increase the grith of woody plant stems & roots
secondary
61
___ develops at the stem surface & produce ___, a waxy coat
epidermis
cuticle
62
What is the function of CUTICLE?
waxy coat that reduce water loss & provide protection
63
The ___ is beneath the epidermis and compose of ___ tissue, which contain of thin-walled parenchyma cells types that store starch in plastids
CORTEX
parenchyma
64
Function of parenchyma cells?
store starch in plastids
65
What type of cell served as organic food reserve in primary stem tissue ?
Parenchyma cells
66
Stem parenchyma also has the ability to undergo ___ ___, which do what when cells are damaged?
cell division
aids wouund healing
67
Stems also contain ___ tissue which composed of ___ cells & rigid ___ tissue
function-?
collenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
provide strength & protection for stem
68
Water-and-food conducting tissue called ___ ____ ___ develop inside young shoots & roots of all vascular plants
primary vascular tissues
69
Plant vascular tissues occur in two forms :
XYLEM
PHLOEM
70
Primary vascular tissues are arranged in elongate clusters called ___ ____
(eudicots vs monocots)
vascular bundles
eudicots (ring)
monocots (scattered)
71
Cork is produced from ___ ____ which is ___ meristems
Cork cambium which is secondary meristem
72
As young leaves develop, they:
acquire ___ ____ that is connect to stem xylem & phloem
become flattened, which increase ___ ___ for photosynthesis & helps to ___ ___ ____
become ___ symmetric
vascular tissue
surface area & shed excess heat
bilateral
73
Upper, lower, interal leaf tissues develop different way to foster ___:
1. ___ leaf eidermis displays more ___, help to prevent water loss
2. ___ ___ leaf
3. ___ ____ are composed of leaf vascular tissues
photosynthesis
1. Lower - stomata
2. internal mesophyll
3. leaf veins
74
Leaf mesophyll included:
1. englongtate ___ ___ that absorb ___
2. round ___ ____ that foster ___ ____
1. palisade parenchyma - light
| 2. spongy parenchyma - gas exchange
75
The ___ tissue conduct ___ & ____
The ___ tissue carry ___ products of photosynthesis from leaf cells to stem vascular tissues
Xylem - water & minerals
Phloem - sugar
76
___ system anchor plants in soil & play important role in absorbing ___ & ___
ROOT
water & minerals nutrients
77
In ___, main root develops from embryonic root & then produce branch roots
In ___, embryonic root dies after seed germination & replaced by fibrous root system
* The tips of ___ and their branches each possess an ____ meristem that add new cels *
Eudicots
Monocots
roots - apical
78
Undifferentiated cells in plant meristems are called___
stem cells
79
What is the fate of stem cells when it divide?
1 cell remain stem cell
| 1 cell become specialized cell
80
What will influence the size of meristems which in turn affect plant growth?
Stem cell numbers
81
2 requirements for plant growth?
new cells produced at meristems & cell expansion
82
___ is when water ___ central vacuole causing cell extension, which also cause the cell walls to expand
OSMOSIS, enter
83
Plant cell walls contain ___ ____ that are held together by crosslinking ___
cellulose microfibrils
polysaccharides
84
___ are proteins that are produced in response to pressure on the cell walls & acidic conditions
Expansins
85
What is the function of EXPANSINS?
unzip crossling cell-wall polysaccharides from cellulose microfibrils so that cell wall can stretch
86
What control the direction in which plant cell expands ? (2)
arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in cell wall
orientation of cytoplasmic microtubules
87
Cell wall expands more easily in ___ direction
perpendicular
88
How can plant cell wall expand easily in perpendicular direction?
cellulose microfibrils encircle cells in same orientation as cytoplasmic microtubules
89
The shoot system includesd: (4). It also produces ___ & ___ when plant is mature
stem, branches, leaves, buds
fruits & flowers
90
A shoot module consists of 4 parts:
1. __ is where leave emerge
2. ___ is the region between adjacent nodes
3. ___ has a shoot apical meristem at its tip
4. ___
1. node
2. internode
3. bud
4. a leaf
91
Which feature of leaves allows them to absorb solar energy?
Lobed structure
Flat shape
Epidermal outgrowths
Tubular shape
flat shape
92
Leaf development is regulated by ___ & ___
hormones & miRNAs
93
__ are signaling molecules that are produced at one site & exert their effects on distant target cells
HORMONE
94
There are 2 important plant hormones:
1. ___ control production of ___ ___
2. ___ ___ stimulates ___ ____ & ___ ____ causing young leaves to grow
1. Auxin - leaf primordia
| 2. Gibberellic acid - cell divison & cell englargement
95
Auxin controls ___
production of leaf primodria
96
Gibberllic acid stimulates ____
cell division & cell enlargement
97
Apical-Basal polarity is growth in ___ of roots & ___ of stems
length of roots
height of stems
98
____ are small molecules of RNA that silence the expression of specific genes
miRNA
99
____ are small molecules of RNA that silence the expression of specific genes
miRNA
100
function of miRNA in leaf development (3)
regulate leaf flattening, leaf shape, and differentiation of upper & lower leaf surfaces
101
2 types of water carrying cells in xylem are ___ & ____
vessel elements & tracheids
102
In Eudicot, leaf blade attached to ____ (identify on pic)
In Monocot, leaf blade grow ___
Petiole
directly from stem
103
FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
1. occur after ___
2. aids in ___
3. result from ____ growth
1. fertilization
2. seed dispersal
3. reproductive
104
Leaf surfaces show adaptive features:
1. Leaf epidermal cells release ___ helps plants avoid desiccation
2. Some epidermal cells differentiate into ____, which are hair-like projections that provides protection from excessive light, UV radiation, extreme air tempt, and attack by herbivores
3. ___ cells surround stomata, allow it to close when___ and open when ___ to prevent water loss
1. cuticle
2. trichomes
3. Guard - close when dry , open when moist
105
Leaf blades are thin to avoid ____
overheating
106
Leaves function as ___ organs, some are modified for other functions (4):
1. ___ helps plant attach to supporting structure
2. ___protect buds from winter damage
3. ____ colored leaves that attract pollinators
4. ___ serve as defensive role
Photosynthesis
1. Tendrils
2. Scales
3. Bracts
4. Spines
107
____ plants such as corn & beans product mostly ____ ____ ____
____ plants produce both ___ & ____ ____ ____
herbaceous - primary vascular tissues
woody - both primary and secondary vascular tissues
108
Primary XYLEM include (2)
1. unspecialized parenchyma cells
| 2. two types of cells that facilitate water transport
109
Two types of cell that facilitate water transport in primary xylem are:
___ trachieds
___ vessel elements
___ & ___ are no longer living cells
narrower
wider
MATURE trachied & vessel elements
110
Primary ____ include ___ cells that transport organic compounds & minerals
PHLOEM - living
111
Phloem tissues has _____ elements, thin-walled cells that are arranged end to end to form pipelines
Sieve-tube
112
___ in the walls of sieve-tube elements allow solution to _____
PORES
move from one cell to another
113
Phloem tissue also include ____ cells that aid sieve-tube element metabolism, supportive fibers, and parenchyma cells
companion
114
Phloem fibers are ___ ____ cells
tough-walled sclerenchyma
115
___ vascular tissues composed of :
1. secondary xylem (aka ____)
2. secondary phloem (aka___)
* the outer bark is composed of ____ ____ cells*
secondary
1. wood
2. inner bark
* dead cork *
116
Secondary meristems (aka____)
larteral meristems
117
2 types of secondary meristems are ___ & ____
*secondary meristems are derived from _____*
vascular cambium
cork cambium
*primary meristems*
118
1. What is vascular cambium?
2. What does it produce?
___ to the inside
___ to the outside
==> increase ___ of ___ ____
1. ring of dividing cells
2. produce secondary xylem & phloem
xylem - inside
phloem - outside
increase girth of woody stems
119
During new growing season, vascular cambium produces ____ of ____ xylem & phloem that form ____
cylinders
growth rings
120
The ___ ____ is another ring of actively dividing cells that produce ___ bark
CORK CAMBIUM
OUTER
121
Stems grow ____ bc light is required for photosynthesis
Some stems (aka____) occur underground and grow ____
upright
rhizomes - horizontally
122
Horizontal stems of ____ help protect against natural hazzards
GRASS
123
3 FUNCTION OF ROOTS
absorb minerals & water
anchor plants in soil
store nutrients
124
Root modifications provide advantages:
1. ___ roots & ___ roots keep plants upright that grow in thin soils
2. ___ are roots that grow upward into the air when submerged roots are in oxygen-poor sediments
1. Prop & Buttress
| 2. Pneumatophores
125
Identify 3 major zones of root:
root apical meristem
zone of root elongation
zone of maturation
126
RAM contain stem cells that give rise to
1. ____ cells that can sense ____ & ___
2. protective ___ ____ cells
3. Internal root tissues: ___ & ____
1. columella - sense gravity & touch
2. root cap
3. xylem & phloem
127
In the zone of ____, cells extend by water uptake.
In the zone of ____, cells differentiate to form specialized tissues
ELONGATION
MATURATION
128
Zone of maturation can be identified by the presence of ____ - function?
ROOT HAIRS
| - uptake water & minerals from narrow soil pores
129
A MATURE ROOT HAS:
1. ___ ___ at the core
2. enclosing cylinder called ___ that produce branch roots
3. ___ that helps roots avoid conducting toxic materials
4. ____ cortex
5. ___ cells at the surface
1. vascular bundles
2. pericycle
3. endodermis
4. starch-storing
5. epidermis
130
External structure of root, starting at tip moving toward shoot
ROOT CAP, Z. OF E, Z. OF M.
131
Functions of TRICHOMES:
provides protection from excessive light, UV radiation
extreme air tempt
attack by herbivores
minimize water loss
132
Guard cells allow stomata to open when conditions are ____, and closed when conditions are____
moist,
| dry
133
Cactus spines are modified ____
leaves
134
Conducting cells of phloem are ___
sieve-tube elements
135
PLANT LIFE CYCLE *after fertilization*
Embryo development --> seedling growth --> gametophyte development ---> gamete production
136
Events occur through stomata
1. CO2 __ leaves
2. O2 ___ leaves
3. Water ___ leaves
1. enter
2. exit
3. exit
137
A RHIZOME has ___ while a ROOT does not
NODE
138
function in modified leaves in poinsettia:
attract pollinators
139
Plant embryos grow into seedlings due to the activities of the ___ apical meristems & ___ apical meristems
ROOT
SHOOT
