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BIOL 191 > BIOL 191 - C31 > Flashcards

BIOL 191 - C31 Flashcards

1
Q

__ are spore-producing structure; ploidy?

A

sporophyte ; diploid

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2
Q

___ is a gamete-producing structure; ploidy?

A

gametophyte ; haploid

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3
Q

What form the transition between sporophyte & gametophyte life cycle?

A

MEIOSIS & FERTILIZATION

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4
Q

Is sporophyte or gametophyte generation more complex ?

A

sporophyte

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5
Q

___ is a reproductive shoot with its organs produced by shoot apical meristems

A

FLOWERS

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6
Q

Flowers contain 4 types of organs:

A

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.

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7
Q

Function of Sepals?

A

protect unopened flower bud

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8
Q

Function of Petals?

A

attract pollinators

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9
Q

Function of stamens & carpels?

A

produce spores by meiosis

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10
Q

Tiny gametophyte developed from ___ produced by __

A

spores produced by meiosis

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11
Q

What does STAMENS contains & produce?

A

contain Anther & Filament

MALE GAMETOPHYTE

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12
Q

What is ANTHER?

A

group of 4 sporangia that produce spores

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13
Q

Microspores & Macrospores are produced by cells that undergo ___ in the ___

A

meiosis in the sporangia

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14
Q

What are immature male gametophyte called?

What are mature male gametophyte called?

A

Pollen grains

Pollen tube

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15
Q

Pollen grains (aka ___) developed from ___

A

immature male gametophyte - microspores

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16
Q

__ are vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE

A

CARPELS

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17
Q

SPERMS cell are produced by ____ of ____ cell

A

MITOSIS of generative cell

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18
Q

What is PISTIL? what does it contain? (3)

what is the function of each structure?

A

single or fused carpels

  • contain:
    stigma: receive pollen grains
    style: middle
    ovary: carry ovules
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19
Q

What two structure in the pistil determine whether pollen grains germinate?

A

STIGMA & STYLE

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20
Q

The young sporophyte of a flowering plant lies within a ____

A

SEED

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21
Q

What does an OVULE consist of?

A

sporangium & integument tissue

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22
Q

___ undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores & microspores

A

Diploid sporophyte

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23
Q

There are 4 megaspores produced. 3 died, 1 survived to generate ____ by ___

A

Female gametophyte by mitosis

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24
Q

How does female gametophyte formed?

A

It formed by MITOSIS as 1 survived out of 4 megaspores produced.

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25
Q

The ovules of female gametophyte contains ___ cells & ___ nuclei

A

7 & 8

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26
Q

What leads to the production of young sporophyte?

A

FERTILIZATION

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27
Q

____ is a “gatekeeper” that allow appropriate pollen genotype to germinate

A

STIGMA

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28
Q

What happened during GERMINATION?

A

it produced a long thin pollen tube that contain 2 sperm cells

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29
Q

During pollination, the ___ will decide which ___ are allow to germinate

A

stigma

pollen grains

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30
Q

There are 2 types of pollination

A

self & cross pollination

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31
Q

where does haploid microspores produced?

A

in the anthers

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32
Q

When does POLLINATION occur?

A

when compatible pollen grains lands on the stigma

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33
Q

(Male gametophyte) ___ ___ grows through the style into the ovary that contain ____

A

Pollen tube

female gametophyte

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34
Q

What happened during the process of FERTILIZATION

A

Generative cell produced sperms that unite with the haploid cells of female gametophyte

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35
Q

Put in order the steps of POLLEN DEVELOPMENT:

1 microspores - produce \_\_\_
2 tube cell - produce \_\_\_
3 sporangium - produce \_\_\_
4 generative cell - produce \_\_\_
5 sperm travels to \_\_\_ for fertilization
A
  1. sporangium - produce MICROSPORES (meiosis)
  2. Microspores - produce tube cell & generative cell
  3. Tube cell - produce pollen tube
  4. Generative cell - produce sperm cells
  5. sperms travel to ovule for fertilization
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36
Q

FLOWERS that missing one or more whorls are ___

A

incomplete

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37
Q

Angiosperms perform ___ fertilization in which 1 sperm ___ to form ____
and the other sperm ___ to form ___

A

double

fertilized egg to form diploid zygote –> young sporophyte (embryo)
fused with the central cell in female gametophyte to form triploid endosperm

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38
Q

The ___cell & the ___ cell are fertilized during double fertilization

A

egg

central

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39
Q

Zygote and & endosperm originated from fertilization, but they are different due to

A

genomic imprinting

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40
Q

___ is a nutritive tissue for developing embryo

A

ENDOSPERM

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41
Q

DOUBLE FERTILIZATION trigger the development of ___ , ___, ____ in Angiosperms

A

embryo
seed
fruit

42
Q

Embryo is a young ___(n/2n)____ sporophyte developed from ____ by ____

A

diploid
zygote
mitosis

43
Q

Seeds developed from ____

A

fertilized ovules

44
Q

What does a SEED contain?

A

embryo + endosperm

45
Q

___ that encloses & helps to disperse seeds

A

FRUIT

46
Q

when will a seed undergo germination?

A

there is enough sunlight & water

47
Q

During seed germination, the ___ absorb ___, grow out of seed coat and produce a ___

A

embryo
water
seedlings

48
Q

Seedlings will grow into ___ ____when there are sufficient nutrients

A

mature sporophyte

49
Q

What is the essential source of food for pollinators?

A

FLOWER

50
Q

3 factors of flowering time that signal shoot meristems to produce flower

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Hormonal influence
  3. Day length
51
Q

Microspores produced what two products through mitosis

A

generative cell

tube cell

52
Q

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels occur in four concentric rings called____

A

WHORLS

53
Q

___ flowers have 4 types of whorls

___ flowers lack 1 or more whorls

___ flowers have both stamens & carpels

___ flowers lack stamen or carpels

A

COMPLETE

INCOMPLETE

PERFECT

IMPERFECT

54
Q

IMPERFECT flowers have 2 types:

—– flowers that only produce CARPELS is called ___

—– flowers that only produce STAMENS is called ___

A

carpellate

staminate

55
Q

___ produce both imperfect staminate & carpellate flowers

A

CORN

56
Q

___ means that staminate & carpellate flowers are on different plant

A

Dioecious

57
Q

___ means that staminate & carpellate flowers on same plants

A

Monoecious

58
Q

There are variations in flowers: (5)

A
  1. organ number (eudicots: 4-5 // monocot: 3 or multiple of 3)
  2. color (sepal: green // petals: colorful)
  3. fragrance (from secondary metabolites)
  4. shape from organ fusion ( fusion b/w whorls) petals fused to form a tube contain nectar
  5. Symmetry (radial or bilateral)
59
Q

common features of fruit development and ripening?

A

sugar content increases
cuticle thickens
Volatile compounds are produced

60
Q

What is the function of FLOWER?

A

foster seed production

61
Q

What is the function of FRUITS

A

seed dispersal

62
Q

What is the function of Endosperm?

A

Helps embryo in seeds grows into seedlings

63
Q

____ ____ is a reproductive process used by Angiosperms

A

Double fertilization

64
Q

Fused petals will form ___ that accumulate ___

A

floral tube

nectar for pollinators

65
Q

The development of microspores into pollen grains involved: [ before anthers released pollen ]

  1. production of ___
  2. development of____
A
  1. young male gametophyte

2. pollen wall

66
Q

The pollen wall is composed of ____ which resistance to ___ attack

A

sporopollegnin

microbial

67
Q

___ plants can self-pollinate

___ plants prevent germination of pollen that is too genetically similar to pistil

A

self-compatible

self-incompatible

68
Q

One egg cell lies between two ___ cells that attract __ __ & prepare ___

A

synergids

attract pollen tubes & prepare egg cell to fertilize

69
Q 
Each ovule contains: 
\_\_ egg cell 
\_\_ synergid cells
\_\_ antipodal cells 
\_\_ central cells
A

1
2
3
1

70
Q

Generative cell is inside ___ cell.

Generative cell divides by ___ to produce ___

A

tube

mitosis - 2 sperm cells

71
Q

the sperm is released when___

A

pollen tube growing from the stigma reach the opening (micropyle) of an ovule

72
Q

Double fertilization arises from ___ + ____

A

one sperm fuses w egg cell –> zygote

one sperm fused w central cell –> endosperm

73
Q

Major stages in angiosperm embryo development which also called ___ [eudicot]

  1. ___ divide unequally
    small cell –> ___
    larger cell –> ___
  2. ___ develop as a sphere
  3. (3) features developed
  4. ___ absorbs nutrients,
    ___ develop into seed coatx
A

EMBRYOGENESIS

  1. zygote divde unequally
    smaller cell –> embryo
    larger cell –> suspensor
  2. young embryo develop as a sphere
  3. cotyledons, root & shoot meristems develop , heart
  4. endosperm tissue supports
  5. mature embryo absorbs nutrients, filling the seed, integuments develop into seed coat
73
Q

___ & ___ are major components of angiosperm reproduction & are essential to animal nutrition

A

seeds & fruits

74
Q

Seeds become ___

___ become tough seed coat

A

dormant

ovule integuments

75
Q

___ which is a portion of the embryonic stem having first bud and 2 tiny leaves.

A

epicotyl

76
Q

Common structures for eudicots & monocots (3)

A

hypocotyl & radicle & cotyledon

77
Q

Eudicot seeds have ___ whereas Monocot seeds don’t. Instead, Monocot has ___ + ___

A

epicotyl

coleoptile (protective sheath) & coleorhiza (protective envelope)

78
Q

All fruits developed from ____

A

ovaries

79
Q

differences in ___ , ___, ___ , ___ of wild fruits reflect evolutionary adaptations for effective seed dispersal

A

shape, color, fragrance, moisture content

80
Q

___ is a good example of fruits adapted for animal dispersal

A

BLACKBERRIES

81
Q

When grass seeds rehydrate, the young shoot secretes digestive enzyme called ___

A

hormone gibberellic acid that release sugars from stored starch.

82
Q

Seedlings used sugars from ___ for growth

A

stored starch

83
Q

Once seeds germinated, plants vary in process by ___

A

how embryonic shoot emerges

84
Q

Benefits of asexual reproduction in plants:

A

maintain favorable gene combination –> faster population growth

advantageous in stressful habitats (where pollinators are rare)

allow persistence for a long time

85
Q

3 main mechanisms for asexual reproduction:

A
  1. production of plant clones from non-reproductive plant organs (which?)
  2. somatic embryogenesis
  3. apomixis
86
Q

___ , ___ , ____ are plant organs that can function as asexual structures

A
  1. roots, stems, leaves
87
Q

somatic embryos produce ___ , ___ and can develop into a ___. BUT it doesn’t have ___ and do not develop in a __

A

root & shoot system

mature plants

endosperm

seed

88
Q

____ occurs naturally in citrus, mango, onion, tobacco plants. it also used to clone plants

A

Somatic embryogenesis

89
Q

___ is a natural asexual reproduction process

A

Apomixis

90
Q

What is Apomixis

A

fruits & seeds production without fertilization

91
Q

Apomixis or somatic embryogenesis involves fruit & seed production

A

apomixis

92
Q

The main factor released a seed from dormancy is ____

A

water

93
Q

which of the following are flower organs that produce spores by meiosis?

sepals
petals
carpels
stamens

A

carpels & stamens

94
Q

In flowering plants, what event directly leads to the production of a young sporophyte?

Pollination
Germination
Fertilization

A

FERTILIZATION

95
Q

Which of the following are true statements about pollen tubes?

  1. A pollen tube grows from its tip
  2. A pollen tube is generated by a tube cell
  3. A pollen tube is sporophyte tissue
  4. A pollen tube carries two sperm cells
A

1,2,4

96
Q

Seed leaves in flowering plant embryos are called ___

A

cotyledons

97
Q

Eudicots have __ seed leaves

Monocots have __ seed leaves

A

2 & 1

98
Q

Which of the following term refers to asexual reproduction in plants without fertilization?

Abiogenesis

Alternation of generations

Apomixis

Somatic embryogenesis

A

Apomixis

99
Q

After pollination, the __ controls pollen germination

A

pistil

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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