BIOL 191 - C31 Flashcards
1
Q
__ are spore-producing structure; ploidy?
A
sporophyte ; diploid
2
Q
___ is a gamete-producing structure; ploidy?
A
gametophyte ; haploid
3
Q
What form the transition between sporophyte & gametophyte life cycle?
A
MEIOSIS & FERTILIZATION
4
Q
Is sporophyte or gametophyte generation more complex ?
A
sporophyte
5
Q
___ is a reproductive shoot with its organs produced by shoot apical meristems
A
FLOWERS
6
Q
Flowers contain 4 types of organs:
A
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
7
Q
Function of Sepals?
A
protect unopened flower bud
8
Q
Function of Petals?
A
attract pollinators
9
Q
Function of stamens & carpels?
A
produce spores by meiosis
10
Q
Tiny gametophyte developed from ___ produced by __
A
spores produced by meiosis
11
Q
What does STAMENS contains & produce?
A
contain Anther & Filament
MALE GAMETOPHYTE
12
Q
What is ANTHER?
A
group of 4 sporangia that produce spores
13
Q
Microspores & Macrospores are produced by cells that undergo ___ in the ___
A
meiosis in the sporangia
14
Q
What are immature male gametophyte called?
What are mature male gametophyte called?
A
Pollen grains
Pollen tube
15
Q
Pollen grains (aka ___) developed from ___
A
immature male gametophyte - microspores
16
Q
__ are vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
A
CARPELS
17
Q
SPERMS cell are produced by ____ of ____ cell
A
MITOSIS of generative cell
18
Q
What is PISTIL? what does it contain? (3)
what is the function of each structure?
A
single or fused carpels
- contain:
stigma: receive pollen grains
style: middle
ovary: carry ovules
19
Q
What two structure in the pistil determine whether pollen grains germinate?
A
STIGMA & STYLE
20
Q
The young sporophyte of a flowering plant lies within a ____
A
SEED
21
Q
What does an OVULE consist of?
A
sporangium & integument tissue
22
Q
___ undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores & microspores
A
Diploid sporophyte
23
Q
There are 4 megaspores produced. 3 died, 1 survived to generate ____ by ___
A
Female gametophyte by mitosis
24
Q
How does female gametophyte formed?
A
It formed by MITOSIS as 1 survived out of 4 megaspores produced.
25
The ovules of female gametophyte contains ___ cells & ___ nuclei
7 & 8
26
What leads to the production of young sporophyte?
FERTILIZATION
27
____ is a "gatekeeper" that allow appropriate pollen genotype to germinate
STIGMA
28
What happened during GERMINATION?
it produced a long thin pollen tube that contain 2 sperm cells
29
During pollination, the ___ will decide which ___ are allow to germinate
stigma
| pollen grains
30
There are 2 types of pollination
self & cross pollination
31
where does haploid microspores produced?
in the anthers
32
When does POLLINATION occur?
when compatible pollen grains lands on the stigma
33
(Male gametophyte) ___ ___ grows through the style into the ovary that contain ____
Pollen tube
| female gametophyte
34
What happened during the process of FERTILIZATION
Generative cell produced sperms that unite with the haploid cells of female gametophyte
35
Put in order the steps of POLLEN DEVELOPMENT:
```
1 microspores - produce ___
2 tube cell - produce ___
3 sporangium - produce ___
4 generative cell - produce ___
5 sperm travels to ___ for fertilization
```
1. sporangium - produce MICROSPORES (meiosis)
2. Microspores - produce tube cell & generative cell
3. Tube cell - produce pollen tube
4. Generative cell - produce sperm cells
5. sperms travel to ovule for fertilization
36
FLOWERS that missing one or more whorls are ___
incomplete
37
Angiosperms perform ___ fertilization in which 1 sperm ___ to form ____
and the other sperm ___ to form ___
double
fertilized egg to form diploid zygote --> young sporophyte (embryo)
fused with the central cell in female gametophyte to form triploid endosperm
38
The ___cell & the ___ cell are fertilized during double fertilization
egg
| central
39
Zygote and & endosperm originated from fertilization, but they are different due to
genomic imprinting
40
___ is a nutritive tissue for developing embryo
ENDOSPERM
41
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION trigger the development of ___ , ___, ____ in Angiosperms
embryo
seed
fruit
42
Embryo is a young ___(n/2n)____ sporophyte developed from ____ by ____
diploid
zygote
mitosis
43
Seeds developed from ____
fertilized ovules
44
What does a SEED contain?
embryo + endosperm
45
___ that encloses & helps to disperse seeds
FRUIT
46
when will a seed undergo germination?
there is enough sunlight & water
47
During seed germination, the ___ absorb ___, grow out of seed coat and produce a ___
embryo
water
seedlings
48
Seedlings will grow into ___ ____when there are sufficient nutrients
mature sporophyte
49
What is the essential source of food for pollinators?
FLOWER
50
3 factors of flowering time that signal shoot meristems to produce flower
1. Temperature
2. Hormonal influence
3. Day length
51
Microspores produced what two products through mitosis
generative cell
tube cell
52
Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels occur in four concentric rings called____
WHORLS
53
___ flowers have 4 types of whorls
___ flowers lack 1 or more whorls
___ flowers have both stamens & carpels
___ flowers lack stamen or carpels
COMPLETE
INCOMPLETE
PERFECT
IMPERFECT
54
IMPERFECT flowers have 2 types:
----- flowers that only produce CARPELS is called ___
----- flowers that only produce STAMENS is called ___
carpellate
staminate
55
___ produce both imperfect staminate & carpellate flowers
CORN
56
___ means that staminate & carpellate flowers are on different plant
Dioecious
57
___ means that staminate & carpellate flowers on same plants
Monoecious
58
There are variations in flowers: (5)
1. organ number (eudicots: 4-5 // monocot: 3 or multiple of 3)
2. color (sepal: green // petals: colorful)
3. fragrance (from secondary metabolites)
4. shape from organ fusion ( fusion b/w whorls) petals fused to form a tube contain nectar
5. Symmetry (radial or bilateral)
59
common features of fruit development and ripening?
sugar content increases
cuticle thickens
Volatile compounds are produced
60
What is the function of FLOWER?
foster seed production
61
What is the function of FRUITS
seed dispersal
62
What is the function of Endosperm?
Helps embryo in seeds grows into seedlings
63
____ ____ is a reproductive process used by Angiosperms
Double fertilization
64
Fused petals will form ___ that accumulate ___
floral tube
nectar for pollinators
65
The development of microspores into pollen grains involved: [ before anthers released pollen ]
1. production of ___
2. development of____
1. young male gametophyte
| 2. pollen wall
66
The pollen wall is composed of ____ which resistance to ___ attack
sporopollegnin
microbial
67
___ plants can self-pollinate
___ plants prevent germination of pollen that is too genetically similar to pistil
self-compatible
self-incompatible
68
One egg cell lies between two ___ cells that attract __ __ & prepare ___
synergids
attract pollen tubes & prepare egg cell to fertilize
69
```
Each ovule contains:
__ egg cell
__ synergid cells
__ antipodal cells
__ central cells
```
1
2
3
1
70
Generative cell is inside ___ cell.
Generative cell divides by ___ to produce ___
tube
mitosis - 2 sperm cells
71
the sperm is released when___
pollen tube growing from the stigma reach the opening (micropyle) of an ovule
72
Double fertilization arises from ___ + ____
one sperm fuses w egg cell --> zygote
| one sperm fused w central cell --> endosperm
73
Major stages in angiosperm embryo development which also called ___ [eudicot]
1. ___ divide unequally
small cell --> ___
larger cell --> ___
2. ___ develop as a sphere
3. (3) features developed
4. ___ absorbs nutrients,
___ develop into seed coatx
EMBRYOGENESIS
1. zygote divde unequally
smaller cell --> embryo
larger cell --> suspensor
2. young embryo develop as a sphere
3. cotyledons, root & shoot meristems develop , heart
4. endosperm tissue supports
5. mature embryo absorbs nutrients, filling the seed, integuments develop into seed coat
73
___ & ___ are major components of angiosperm reproduction & are essential to animal nutrition
seeds & fruits
74
Seeds become ___
___ become tough seed coat
dormant
ovule integuments
75
___ which is a portion of the embryonic stem having first bud and 2 tiny leaves.
epicotyl
76
Common structures for eudicots & monocots (3)
hypocotyl & radicle & cotyledon
77
Eudicot seeds have ___ whereas Monocot seeds don't. Instead, Monocot has ___ + ___
epicotyl
coleoptile (protective sheath) & coleorhiza (protective envelope)
78
All fruits developed from ____
ovaries
79
differences in ___ , ___, ___ , ___ of wild fruits reflect evolutionary adaptations for effective seed dispersal
shape, color, fragrance, moisture content
80
___ is a good example of fruits adapted for animal dispersal
BLACKBERRIES
81
When grass seeds rehydrate, the young shoot secretes digestive enzyme called ___
hormone gibberellic acid that release sugars from stored starch.
82
Seedlings used sugars from ___ for growth
stored starch
83
Once seeds germinated, plants vary in process by ___
how embryonic shoot emerges
84
Benefits of asexual reproduction in plants:
maintain favorable gene combination --> faster population growth
advantageous in stressful habitats (where pollinators are rare)
allow persistence for a long time
85
3 main mechanisms for asexual reproduction:
1. production of plant clones from non-reproductive plant organs (which?)
2. somatic embryogenesis
3. apomixis
86
___ , ___ , ____ are plant organs that can function as asexual structures
1. roots, stems, leaves
87
somatic embryos produce ___ , ___ and can develop into a ___. BUT it doesn't have ___ and do not develop in a __
root & shoot system
mature plants
endosperm
seed
88
____ occurs naturally in citrus, mango, onion, tobacco plants. it also used to clone plants
Somatic embryogenesis
89
___ is a natural asexual reproduction process
Apomixis
90
What is Apomixis
fruits & seeds production without fertilization
91
Apomixis or somatic embryogenesis involves fruit & seed production
apomixis
92
The main factor released a seed from dormancy is ____
water
93
which of the following are flower organs that produce spores by meiosis?
sepals
petals
carpels
stamens
carpels & stamens
94
In flowering plants, what event directly leads to the production of a young sporophyte?
Pollination
Germination
Fertilization
FERTILIZATION
95
Which of the following are true statements about pollen tubes?
1. A pollen tube grows from its tip
2. A pollen tube is generated by a tube cell
3. A pollen tube is sporophyte tissue
4. A pollen tube carries two sperm cells
1,2,4
96
Seed leaves in flowering plant embryos are called ___
cotyledons
97
Eudicots have __ seed leaves
| Monocots have __ seed leaves
2 & 1
98
Which of the following term refers to asexual reproduction in plants without fertilization?
Abiogenesis
Alternation of generations
Apomixis
Somatic embryogenesis
Apomixis
99
After pollination, the __ controls pollen germination
pistil
