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BIOL 191 > CHAPTER 32 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell differentiate during ____; they become ____ to perform a particular function

A

development

specialized

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2
Q

A ___ is an association of many cells with similar structure and function

A

TISSUE

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3
Q

There are 4 types of tissues:

A

muscle

nervous

epithelial

connective

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4
Q

___ tissues contain cells that are specialized to ___ which generates ____ ____ for body movement

A

MUSCLE
contract
mechanical forces

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5
Q

MUSCLE tissue contract to produce forces that may (3)

  1. produce___
  2. decrease ___
  3. exert____
A
  1. body movement
  2. diameter of a tube
  3. pressure on a fluid-filled cavity
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6
Q

3 types of muscle tissues & function of each:

  1. for locomotion , voluntary control
  2. control tube’s diameter (lungs); involuntary
  3. heartbeat; involuntary
A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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7
Q

___ tissues are complex networks of neurons & neuroglia.

A

Nervous

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8
Q

___ cells that communicate by initiating & conducting electrical signals

A

NEURONS

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9
Q

Electrical signals stimulate ___ (3)

A
  1. stimulate/inhibit another neuron
  2. stimulate muscle cells to contract
  3. stimulate glandular cells to secrete products (sweat, digestive)
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10
Q

Besides neurons, ___ is another type of cells in nervous tissues that surround and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

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11
Q

____ tissues are sheets of densely packed cells that cover body surfaces, enclose organs, or line the wall of body cavities

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

3 functions of epithelial tissues:

A
  1. cover body surfaces
  2. enclose organs
  3. line wall of body cavities
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13
Q

Epithelial cells are ___ as they have distinct basal & apical surfaces.

3 shapes of epithelial cells

A

asymmetrical

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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14
Q

4 types of epithelial tissues

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional

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15
Q

___ tissues are groups of tissues that connect, surround, anchor, and support the structure of animal’s body.

(EX:__)

A

CONNECTIVE

adipose tissue, bone cartilage, loose/dense connective tissue, and blood

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16
Q

different tissue types combine to form ____ and ___ ___

A

organ

organ system

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17
Q

An ____ composed of two or more tissues arranged in particular proportions/patterns

what are the patterns? (5)

A

ORGAN

sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, strips

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18
Q

Do organ systems function in isolation even when they have particular functions?

A

NO - they function as a whole

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19
Q

What is the overall body plan of animals?

A

Spatial arrangement

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20
Q

Do animal organs contain equal proportions of all 4 tissue types ?

A

NO

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21
Q

What controls organ development in animals ?

A

HOX genes with homologs in all animals

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22
Q

HOX gene plays a role in ___ ____ and ___ ____ of organs.

mutation of HOX genes will lead to ___

A

organ development

spatial patterning

abnormal growth or non-development of organs

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23
Q

All organs consist of at least 2 dif type of tissues? T or F

Blood is a type of fluid connective tissue. T or F

The final location of various organs in an animal’s body are under genetic control. T or F

A

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

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24
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Digestive

structure: ___

A

absorb nutrients & eliminate wastes

mouth, stomach, intestine, rectum, gallbladder, liver

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25
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Circulatory

structure: ___

A

distributes nutrients & gases throughout body

heart, vessel, blood

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26
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Integumentary system

structure: ___

A

provides barrier against pathogens

prevent dehydration

regulate body temperature

skin

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27
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Endocrine system

structure:____

A

regulated growth, metabolism, reproduction, mineral balance

HORMONES, gland, tissues, organs

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28
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Musculoskeletal

structure: ___

A

supports the body & produces locomotion

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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29
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Nervous

structure:___

A

regulate & coordinate body movement, sensation, behavior, learning

  • brain, spinal cord, ganglia*
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30
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Reproductive

structure:___

A

produce gametes

gonads

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31
Q

[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]

Respiratory

structure:___

A

exchanges O2 & CO2
regulate blood pH

gills, skin, lungs

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32
Q

___ ____ & ___ are important properties of cells; they increase at different rates as cells become larger

A

Surface area & volume

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33
Q

High SA/V ratio is ideal for functions related to ___ (3)

A

transport
absorption
detection of environmental stimuli

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34
Q

____ is the process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, despite changes in the surroundings

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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35
Q
  1. Some animals are ____, which some feature of their internal env MATCH the external env. Is it an expensive strategy?
    * ex*
  2. Some animals are___, which some feature of their internal env DIFFERENT FROM the external env. Is it an expensive strategy
    * ex*

Can an animal be both?

A
  1. Conformers - Inexpensive
    * body fluid in crab = solute concentration in seawater*
  2. Regulators - Expensive
    * human body*

YES

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36
Q

What are the variables that are maintained within a normal range, despite the external env.

  1. concentration of ____ in blood
  2. concentration of ____ in body fluid
  3. ___ of body fluid
  4. Blood ___ & ___
A

concentration of nutrients, waste, ions in blood
concentration of O2 & CO2 in body fluid
pH of body fluids
blood pressure & volume

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37
Q

___ is a dynamic process - explain

A

HOMEOSTASIS -

A variable is usually within a normal range. If sth occurs causing the variable to be out of range, compensatory mechanisms restore the variable to normal

38
Q

Homeostasis is maintained through actions of ___ ____ systems.
These systems utilize a common set of components (4)

A

Homeostatic control

set point
sensor
integrator
effector

39
Q

components of homeostatic control systems: * name each function*

  1. set point
  2. sensor
  3. integrator
  4. effector
  • These are features of ____ feedback *
A
  1. normal value for a controlled variable
  2. monitor level
  3. {BRAIN} compare signals from sensor & setpoint
  4. compensates for changes caused by homeostatic challenges

NEGATIVE

40
Q

In a ____ feedback loop, changes in variable give responses that move variable in opposite direction

In a ____ feedback loop, a process is accelerated that lead to events that amplify that changes

A

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

41
Q

Many homeostatic control mechanism utilize ____ feedback

A

NEGATIVE

42
Q

___ feedback prevents homeostatic responses from overcompensating

A

NEGATIVE

43
Q

___ feedback is within normal range, where as in ____ feedback, normal range is lost

A

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

44
Q

Example of positive feedback loop

A

uterus contracts –> impulse nerve travel from stretched cervix to brain –> trigger pituitary gland –> hormones –> strong contraction –> repeat

45
Q

Homeostasis in animals with well-developed nervous systems is aided by _____ _____

A

Feedforward regulation

46
Q

Feedforward regulation is when an animal’s body _____

Ex?

A

prepare for a possible challenge to homeostasis before it occurs.

increase heart rate prior to an increase in activity

47
Q

What is the normal value for a controlled variable such as body temperature called?

A

SET POINT

48
Q

____ ____ ____ work to prevent body temperature from increasing too high

A

Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms

49
Q

The body eliminate heats by ____

A

perspiring (sweat)

50
Q

3 ways that temperature affect animals’ bodies

A
  1. chemical rxns
  2. protein functions
  3. membrane structure
51
Q

[3 ways that temperature affect animals’ bodies]

  1. CHEMICAL RXNS
    - ___ temperature slow down rxn –> hard to carry out digestion, reproduction, & immunity
  2. PROTEIN
    - ____ cause proteins to denature
  3. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
    - LOW temperature, membrane is ____
    - HIGH temperature, membrane is ____
A
  1. LOW
  2. HIGH
  3. RIGID , TOO FLUID
52
Q

Metabolic rate is _____

Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) is ___

A

amount of energy that an organism use in a period of time to power its activities

in the resting state

53
Q

The greater the metabolic rate, the ___ heat an animal generates

A

MORE

54
Q

what is used to compare the metabolic rates of different species?

A

basal metabolic rate

55
Q

What kind of distinction must be made to compare BMR of different animals?

A

SOURCE OF HEAT

56
Q
  1. ___ are animals that generate their own internal heat through metabolism
  2. ___ are animals that rely on heat from external environment to warm themselves
  3. ___ maintain body temperature within narrow range
  4. ____ have body temp undergo considerable variation
A
  1. Endotherms
  2. Ectotherms
  3. Homeotherms
  4. Heterotherms
57
Q

Birds and mammals are ____ & ____

Other vertebrates & invertebrates are ____ & ____

Humans belongs to which thermoregulatory categories?

A

endothermic + homeothermic

Ectothermic + heterothermic

*endothermic + homeothermic *

58
Q

3 disadvantages of Endothermy:

A
  1. Require much energy
  2. Risk of overheating (in intense weather & activity)
  3. Loss of body fluids (evaporation used for cooling)
59
Q

4 ways heat can be exchanged b/w animals’ surface body and its environments

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Evaporation
  3. Conduction
  4. Convection
60
Q

{heat exchange}

  1. ___ is the emission of electromagnetic waves. Rate of emission is determined by _____ of the surface
  2. ___ is conversion of water from liquid to gas
  3. ____: heat exchange thru direct contact w other subjects.
  4. ___: transfer of heat by air & fluid movement
A
  1. Radiation - temperature
  2. Evaporation
  3. Conduction
  4. Convection
61
Q

____ can regulate how much heat is gained or loss (rate of heat loss) b/w their bodies and the environments via 4 ways:

A

ENDOTHERMS

  1. Skin blood flow -
  2. Countercurrent exchange
  3. Evaporative heat loss
  4. Behavioral adaptations
62
Q

[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]

SKIN BLOOD FLOW

  1. On HOT days, blood vessel ___ to ____ blood flow & helps to ___ heat to env
  2. On COLD days, vessels ____to ___ blood flow and helps to ____ heat within body
A
  1. dilate - increase - dissipate

2. constrict - decrease - retain

63
Q

[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]

COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE

  1. heat is transferred between fluid flowing in ____ directions
  2. regulate heat loss to the env by ____
  3. heat moves by ___ from ____ to ____ –> reduce heat loss
A
  1. opposite
  2. return heat to body’s core & keep it warm during extremities
  3. conduction, arteries to veins (carry cooler blood)
64
Q

[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]

                 Evaporative Heat Loss
  1. regulated by changes in ___ & ____
  2. panting promote heat exchange by ___
                 Behavioral Adaptations

1a. stretch when ___ ; huddle when ___
2a. alter heat loss by ___ , ___ ,____
3: ___ surface area exposed to a cold environment
4: ___ heat loss by radiation & conduction

A
  1. perspiration & panting
  2. convection

1a. hot; cold
2a. radiation, evaporation, conduction
3: reduce
4: decrease

65
Q

___ ____ & ____ ___ metabolism increase heat production

A

muscle activity & adipose tissue

66
Q

[HEAT PRODUCTION]

_____ ____ occur when skeletal muscle contract rapidly w/o locomotion

_____ ____ occurs in brown adipose tissue

A

Shivering thermogenesis

Nonshivering thermogenesis

67
Q

[Shivering thermogenesis]

  • how heat is released?

Nonshivering thermogenesis

  • how heat is released?
A
  1. energy in chemical rxns power contracting muscle

2. uncoupling proteins modify function of mitochondria –> H+ gradient dissipated as heat

68
Q

In vertebrates, extracellular fluid includes ___ ____ & ____ ____.

Body fluids are distributed into fluid compartments (2)

A

blood plasma

interstitial fluid

ICF & ECF

69
Q

Why maintaining normal body water levels is important?

  1. ____ that dissolved solutes
  2. act as _____ to bring ___ & ____ to cells and remove ____
  3. prevent ____ that can compromise ____ * ____
A
  1. solvent that dissolved solutes
  2. transport vehicle that brings Oxygen & nutrients to cells & removes wastes
  3. Dehydration: compromise circulatory system & body temp regulation (decreased blood volume)
70
Q

___ ____ is important for cellular activities (muscle contraction & communication b/w nervous system)

A

Ion balance

71
Q

___ can lead to ion imbalance. If water is lost, concentrations of ions left behind ____

A

Dehydration

increases

72
Q

Osmolarity is____

A

measure of solute concentration

73
Q

Which vital processes can disturb ion & water balance? (4)

  • Do these processes require energy expenditure?*
  • Are these processes obligatory exchange?*
A
  1. Respiration
  2. Evaporation
  3. Feeding
  4. Waste elimination
  • YES* to minimize or reverse disturbance
  • YES*
74
Q

How can animals minimize obligatory losses ?

A

through behavioral modifications

  • terrestrial animals seek shade on hot day to reduce water loss*
  • reduce activity minimize water loss to respiration*
75
Q

nitrogenous wastes are generated when ____

excretion of theses waste requires ____

A

protein & nucleic acid are broken down

body water

76
Q

Respiration with lungs is associated with ___ ___

A

water loss

77
Q

For freshwater fish,

  1. H2O ___ gills capillaries by osmosis
  2. they are in ___ solution
  3. Active ____ of Na & Cl across epithelia into capilaries
  4. ____ drink water
  5. OSMOLARITY body fluid is ____ than of water
A
  1. ENTER
  2. HYPOTONIC
  3. UPTAKE
  4. DONT
  5. higher
78
Q

For Saltwater fish,

  1. H2O ___ gills capillaries by osmosis
  2. they are in ___ solution
  3. Active ____ of Na & Cl across epithelia into capilaries
  4. ____ drink water
  5. OSMOLARITY body fluid is ____ than of water
A
  1. EXIT
  2. HYPERTONIC
  3. EXCRETION
  4. DO
  5. lower
79
Q

Sweat has ___ solute concentration than internal body fluids such as blood

A

LOWER

80
Q

The osmolality of human plasma is a measure of the total amount of dissolved ions and proteins in the blood. The normal range for plasma osmolality is 285–295 miliosmol/kg. The injection of a 600 miliosmol/kg solution directly into a patient’s bloodstream can be very painful and dangerous. Why should this be?

A

The injection is hypertonic with blood causing cells to shrivel and become crenated.

81
Q

A person sitting in the sun to gain heat on a cool day

A

RADIATION

82
Q

A dog panting to release excessive heat

A

Evaporation

83
Q

A person perspiring to cool down

A

Evaporation

84
Q

Dog sitting in a hole for cooling down on a hot day

A

Conduction

85
Q

Person going swimming in the lake cooler than air to cool down

A

Conduction

86
Q

Snake warm up on a hot road near the end of the day

A

Conduction

87
Q

A person cool down by facing breeze on a warm day

A

Convection

88
Q

As cell grows, volume ____ than SA, leading to ____ efficiency of transport in large cells

A

INCREASES

lower

89
Q

Sweat is a hypoosmotic solution compared to blood. T or F

A

T

90
Q

Pepsin activation is an example of?

  1. a negative feedback loop.
  2. conditioning.
  3. homeostasis.
  4. a positive feedback loop.
  5. feedforward regulation.
A

4

91
Q

Perspiring & panting corresponds to what rate of heat exchange mechanisms

A

Evaporative heat loss

BIOL 191 (8 decks)

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