CHAPTER 32 Flashcards
1
Q
Cell differentiate during ____; they become ____ to perform a particular function
A
development
specialized
2
Q
A ___ is an association of many cells with similar structure and function
A
TISSUE
3
Q
There are 4 types of tissues:
A
muscle
nervous
epithelial
connective
4
Q
___ tissues contain cells that are specialized to ___ which generates ____ ____ for body movement
A
MUSCLE
contract
mechanical forces
5
Q
MUSCLE tissue contract to produce forces that may (3)
- produce___
- decrease ___
- exert____
A
- body movement
- diameter of a tube
- pressure on a fluid-filled cavity
6
Q
3 types of muscle tissues & function of each:
- for locomotion , voluntary control
- control tube’s diameter (lungs); involuntary
- heartbeat; involuntary
A
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
7
Q
___ tissues are complex networks of neurons & neuroglia.
A
Nervous
8
Q
___ cells that communicate by initiating & conducting electrical signals
A
NEURONS
9
Q
Electrical signals stimulate ___ (3)
A
- stimulate/inhibit another neuron
- stimulate muscle cells to contract
- stimulate glandular cells to secrete products (sweat, digestive)
10
Q
Besides neurons, ___ is another type of cells in nervous tissues that surround and protect neurons
A
neuroglia
11
Q
____ tissues are sheets of densely packed cells that cover body surfaces, enclose organs, or line the wall of body cavities
A
Epithelial
12
Q
3 functions of epithelial tissues:
A
- cover body surfaces
- enclose organs
- line wall of body cavities
13
Q
Epithelial cells are ___ as they have distinct basal & apical surfaces.
3 shapes of epithelial cells
A
asymmetrical
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
14
Q
4 types of epithelial tissues
A
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional
15
Q
___ tissues are groups of tissues that connect, surround, anchor, and support the structure of animal’s body.
(EX:__)
A
CONNECTIVE
adipose tissue, bone cartilage, loose/dense connective tissue, and blood
16
Q
different tissue types combine to form ____ and ___ ___
A
organ
organ system
17
Q
An ____ composed of two or more tissues arranged in particular proportions/patterns
what are the patterns? (5)
A
ORGAN
sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, strips
18
Q
Do organ systems function in isolation even when they have particular functions?
A
NO - they function as a whole
19
Q
What is the overall body plan of animals?
A
Spatial arrangement
20
Q
Do animal organs contain equal proportions of all 4 tissue types ?
A
NO
21
Q
What controls organ development in animals ?
A
HOX genes with homologs in all animals
22
Q
HOX gene plays a role in ___ ____ and ___ ____ of organs.
mutation of HOX genes will lead to ___
A
organ development
spatial patterning
abnormal growth or non-development of organs
23
Q
All organs consist of at least 2 dif type of tissues? T or F
Blood is a type of fluid connective tissue. T or F
The final location of various organs in an animal’s body are under genetic control. T or F
A
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
24
Q
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Digestive
structure: ___
A
absorb nutrients & eliminate wastes
mouth, stomach, intestine, rectum, gallbladder, liver
25
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Circulatory
structure: ___
distributes nutrients & gases throughout body
heart, vessel, blood
26
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Integumentary system
structure: ___
provides barrier against pathogens
prevent dehydration
regulate body temperature
*skin*
27
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Endocrine system
structure:____
regulated growth, metabolism, reproduction, mineral balance
*HORMONES, gland, tissues, organs*
28
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Musculoskeletal
structure: ___
supports the body & produces locomotion
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
29
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Nervous
structure:___
regulate & coordinate body movement, sensation, behavior, learning
* brain, spinal cord, ganglia*
30
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Reproductive
structure:___
produce gametes
gonads
31
[FUNCTIONS OF EACH ORGAN SYSTEM]
Respiratory
structure:___
exchanges O2 & CO2
regulate blood pH
gills, skin, lungs
32
___ ____ & ___ are important properties of cells; they increase at different rates as cells become larger
Surface area & volume
33
High SA/V ratio is ideal for functions related to ___ (3)
transport
absorption
detection of environmental stimuli
34
____ is the process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, despite changes in the surroundings
HOMEOSTASIS
35
1. Some animals are ____, which some feature of their internal env MATCH the external env. Is it an expensive strategy?
* ex*
2. Some animals are___, which some feature of their internal env DIFFERENT FROM the external env. Is it an expensive strategy
* ex*
Can an animal be both?
1. Conformers - Inexpensive
* body fluid in crab = solute concentration in seawater*
2. Regulators - Expensive
* human body*
YES
36
What are the variables that are maintained within a normal range, despite the external env.
1. concentration of ____ in blood
2. concentration of ____ in body fluid
3. ___ of body fluid
4. Blood ___ & ___
concentration of nutrients, waste, ions in blood
concentration of O2 & CO2 in body fluid
pH of body fluids
blood pressure & volume
37
___ is a dynamic process - explain
HOMEOSTASIS -
A variable is usually within a normal range. If sth occurs causing the variable to be out of range, compensatory mechanisms restore the variable to normal
38
Homeostasis is maintained through actions of ___ ____ systems.
These systems utilize a common set of components (4)
Homeostatic control
set point
sensor
integrator
effector
39
components of homeostatic control systems: * name each function*
1. set point
2. sensor
3. integrator
4. effector
* These are features of ____ feedback *
1. normal value for a controlled variable
2. monitor level
3. {BRAIN} compare signals from sensor & setpoint
4. compensates for changes caused by homeostatic challenges
*NEGATIVE*
40
In a ____ feedback loop, changes in variable give responses that move variable in opposite direction
In a ____ feedback loop, a process is accelerated that lead to events that amplify that changes
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
41
Many homeostatic control mechanism utilize ____ feedback
NEGATIVE
42
___ feedback prevents homeostatic responses from overcompensating
NEGATIVE
43
___ feedback is within normal range, where as in ____ feedback, normal range is lost
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
44
Example of positive feedback loop
uterus contracts --> impulse nerve travel from stretched cervix to brain --> trigger pituitary gland --> hormones --> strong contraction --> repeat
45
Homeostasis in animals with well-developed nervous systems is aided by _____ _____
Feedforward regulation
46
Feedforward regulation is when an animal's body _____
| *Ex?*
prepare for a possible challenge to homeostasis before it occurs.
*increase heart rate prior to an increase in activity*
47
What is the normal value for a controlled variable such as body temperature called?
SET POINT
48
____ ____ ____ work to prevent body temperature from increasing too high
Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms
49
The body eliminate heats by ____
perspiring (sweat)
50
3 ways that temperature affect animals' bodies
1. chemical rxns
2. protein functions
3. membrane structure
51
[3 ways that temperature affect animals' bodies]
1. CHEMICAL RXNS
- ___ temperature slow down rxn --> hard to carry out digestion, reproduction, & immunity
2. PROTEIN
- ____ cause proteins to denature
3. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
- LOW temperature, membrane is ____
- HIGH temperature, membrane is ____
1. LOW
2. HIGH
3. RIGID , TOO FLUID
52
Metabolic rate is _____
Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) is ___
amount of energy that an organism use in a period of time to power its activities
in the resting state
53
The greater the metabolic rate, the ___ heat an animal generates
MORE
54
what is used to compare the metabolic rates of different species?
basal metabolic rate
55
What kind of distinction must be made to compare BMR of different animals?
SOURCE OF HEAT
56
1. ___ are animals that generate their own internal heat through metabolism
2. ___ are animals that rely on heat from external environment to warm themselves
3. ___ maintain body temperature within narrow range
4. ____ have body temp undergo considerable variation
1. Endotherms
2. Ectotherms
3. Homeotherms
4. Heterotherms
57
Birds and mammals are ____ & ____
Other vertebrates & invertebrates are ____ & ____
*Humans belongs to which thermoregulatory categories?*
endothermic + homeothermic
Ectothermic + heterothermic
*endothermic + homeothermic *
58
3 disadvantages of Endothermy:
1. Require much energy
2. Risk of overheating (in intense weather & activity)
3. Loss of body fluids (evaporation used for cooling)
59
4 ways heat can be exchanged b/w animals' surface body and its environments
1. Radiation
2. Evaporation
3. Conduction
4. Convection
60
{heat exchange}
1. ___ is the emission of electromagnetic waves. Rate of emission is determined by _____ of the surface
2. ___ is conversion of water from liquid to gas
3. ____: heat exchange thru direct contact w other subjects.
4. ___: transfer of heat by air & fluid movement
1. Radiation - temperature
2. Evaporation
3. Conduction
4. Convection
61
____ can regulate how much heat is gained or loss (rate of heat loss) b/w their bodies and the environments via 4 ways:
ENDOTHERMS
1. Skin blood flow -
2. Countercurrent exchange
3. Evaporative heat loss
4. Behavioral adaptations
62
[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]
SKIN BLOOD FLOW
1. On HOT days, blood vessel ___ to ____ blood flow & helps to ___ heat to env
2. On COLD days, vessels ____to ___ blood flow and helps to ____ heat within body
1. dilate - increase - dissipate
| 2. constrict - decrease - retain
63
[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]
COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE
1. heat is transferred between fluid flowing in ____ directions
2. regulate heat loss to the env by ____
3. heat moves by ___ from ____ to ____ --> reduce heat loss
1. opposite
2. return heat to body's core & keep it warm during extremities
3. conduction, arteries to veins (carry cooler blood)
64
[Alternatives of heat gain/loss in endotherm]
Evaporative Heat Loss
1. regulated by changes in ___ & ____
2. panting promote heat exchange by ___
Behavioral Adaptations
1a. stretch when ___ ; huddle when ___
2a. alter heat loss by ___ , ___ ,____
3: ___ surface area exposed to a cold environment
4: ___ heat loss by radiation & conduction
1. perspiration & panting
2. convection
1a. hot; cold
2a. radiation, evaporation, conduction
3: reduce
4: decrease
65
___ ____ & ____ ___ metabolism increase heat production
muscle activity & adipose tissue
66
[HEAT PRODUCTION]
_____ ____ occur when skeletal muscle contract rapidly w/o locomotion
_____ ____ occurs in brown adipose tissue
Shivering thermogenesis
Nonshivering thermogenesis
67
[Shivering thermogenesis]
- how heat is released?
Nonshivering thermogenesis
- how heat is released?
1. energy in chemical rxns power contracting muscle
| 2. uncoupling proteins modify function of mitochondria --> H+ gradient dissipated as heat
68
In vertebrates, extracellular fluid includes ___ ____ & ____ ____.
Body fluids are distributed into fluid compartments (2)
blood plasma
interstitial fluid
ICF & ECF
69
Why maintaining normal body water levels is important?
1. ____ that dissolved solutes
2. act as _____ to bring ___ & ____ to cells and remove ____
3. prevent ____ that can compromise ____ * ____
1. solvent that dissolved solutes
2. transport vehicle that brings Oxygen & nutrients to cells & removes wastes
3. Dehydration: compromise circulatory system & body temp regulation (decreased blood volume)
70
___ ____ is important for cellular activities (muscle contraction & communication b/w nervous system)
Ion balance
71
___ can lead to ion imbalance. If water is lost, concentrations of ions left behind ____
Dehydration
increases
72
Osmolarity is____
measure of solute concentration
73
Which vital processes can disturb ion & water balance? (4)
* Do these processes require energy expenditure?*
* Are these processes obligatory exchange?*
1. Respiration
2. Evaporation
3. Feeding
4. Waste elimination
* YES* to minimize or reverse disturbance
* YES*
74
How can animals minimize obligatory losses ?
through behavioral modifications
* terrestrial animals seek shade on hot day to reduce water loss*
* reduce activity minimize water loss to respiration*
75
nitrogenous wastes are generated when ____
excretion of theses waste requires ____
protein & nucleic acid are broken down
body water
76
Respiration with lungs is associated with ___ ___
water loss
77
For freshwater fish,
1. H2O ___ gills capillaries by osmosis
2. they are in ___ solution
3. Active ____ of Na & Cl across epithelia into capilaries
4. ____ drink water
5. OSMOLARITY body fluid is ____ than of water
1. ENTER
2. HYPOTONIC
3. UPTAKE
4. DONT
5. higher
78
For Saltwater fish,
1. H2O ___ gills capillaries by osmosis
2. they are in ___ solution
3. Active ____ of Na & Cl across epithelia into capilaries
4. ____ drink water
5. OSMOLARITY body fluid is ____ than of water
1. EXIT
2. HYPERTONIC
3. EXCRETION
4. DO
5. lower
79
Sweat has ___ solute concentration than internal body fluids such as blood
LOWER
80
The osmolality of human plasma is a measure of the total amount of dissolved ions and proteins in the blood. The normal range for plasma osmolality is 285–295 miliosmol/kg. The injection of a 600 miliosmol/kg solution directly into a patient’s bloodstream can be very painful and dangerous. Why should this be?
The injection is hypertonic with blood causing cells to shrivel and become crenated.
81
A person sitting in the sun to gain heat on a cool day
RADIATION
82
A dog panting to release excessive heat
Evaporation
83
A person perspiring to cool down
Evaporation
84
Dog sitting in a hole for cooling down on a hot day
Conduction
85
Person going swimming in the lake cooler than air to cool down
Conduction
86
Snake warm up on a hot road near the end of the day
Conduction
87
A person cool down by facing breeze on a warm day
Convection
88
As cell grows, volume ____ than SA, leading to ____ efficiency of transport in large cells
INCREASES
lower
89
Sweat is a hypoosmotic solution compared to blood. T or F
T
90
Pepsin activation is an example of?
1. a negative feedback loop.
2. conditioning.
3. homeostasis.
4. a positive feedback loop.
5. feedforward regulation.
4
91
Perspiring & panting corresponds to what rate of heat exchange mechanisms
Evaporative heat loss
