Chapter 31- Orthopaedic Injuries Flashcards
What does the term musculoskeletal refer to?
Bones and voluntary muscles of the body
The muscular system included three types of muscles:
Skeletal (striated)
Smooth
Cardiac
What kind of muscle makes up the larges portion of the body’s muscle mass?
Skeletal (striated)
Primary function of skeletal muscle:
Movement and posture
Smooth muscle is a component of other body systems like:
Digestive system and the cardiovascular system
Skeletal muscle is directly attached to the bone by tough, rope like structures known as what?
Tendons
Fascia
Fibrous tissue, tendons are an extension of fascia, it covers all skeletal muscle
Bones in the skeleton produce what?
Blood cells in the bone marrow and serve as a reservoir for important minerals and electrolytes.
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
Two scapulae and two clavicles.
What bones make up the forearm?
Radius and ulna
What bone is larger? Radius or ulna?
Radius and it lies on the thumb side of the arm
Three sets of bones in the hands
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
What is the shin bone?
Tibia, responsible for supporting the major weight-bearing surface of the knee and ankle
What bone runs behind the tibia?
Fibula, it is much smaller than the tibia
What is the largest tarsal bone?
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Definition of a joint
Wherever two bones come into contact
How are joints held together?
They are held together in a tough fibrous structure known as a capsule which is supported and strengthened in certain areas by bands of fibrous tissue called ligaments
Ligaments
Connects bone to bone, strengthens joints
Articulate cartilage
Found covering the end of bones that are moving joints
Pearly white substance that allows the ends of the bones to glide easily
What are joints bathed and lubricated by?
Synovial fluid
Zone of injury
The area of soft tissue, including the adjacent nerves and blood vessels, that surround the obvious injury of a bone or joint
Fracture
A broken bone
Closed fracture
Any break in a bone in which the overlying skin is not broken
Open fracture
Any break in a bone in which the overlying skin has been broken
Non displaced fracture
Also known as a hairline fracture, it is just a simple crack of the bone that may be difficult to distinguish from a sprain or simple contusion
Displaced fracture
Produces actual deformity, or distortion, of the limb by shortening, rotating, or angulating it.
Particular types of fractures
Comminuted- when the bone is broken into more than 2 fragments
Epiphyseal- when the growth section of a child’s bone is damaged and may lead to growth abnormalities
Greenstick- an incomplete fracture that may only go partway through the bone but still may cause angulation
Incomplete- a fracture that does not run completely through the bone
Oblique- a fracture in which the bone is broken at an angle across the bone
Pathologic- a fracture of weakened or diseased bone
Spiral- caused by twisting or spinning force, causing a long, spiral-shaped break in the bone
Transverse- occurs straight across the bone, usually a result of a direct blow
Point tenderness
Tenderness on the point of injury, found by gently palpating along the bone with the tip of the finger
Rapid swelling from a fracture usually indicates what?
Bleeding
Ecchymosis
Discoloration of the skin, fractures are almost always associated with this
Crepitus
A grating or grinding sensation of the bone rubbing together
False motion
A point in the limb where there is no joint
Dislocation
A disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact
Reduce
Return to its normal position (associated with dislocations)
Sprain
Occurs when a joint is twisted or stretched beyond its normal range of motion.
What can a sprain injure?
Ligaments, articulations capsule, Sylvia membrane, and tendons crossing the joint.
Strain
Stretching or tearing of the muscle and/or tendon, causing pain, swelling, and bruising of the soft tissues in the area.
Amputation
An injury in which an extremity is completely severed from the body
Static nerve
The major nerve to the lower extremities; controls much of muscle function in the leg and sensation in most of the leg and foot
