Chapter 15 Flashcards
Dyspnea
When a patient reports shortness of breath or has difficulty breathing
Signs of normal breathing
- normal rate (adult: 15-20; child: 15-30; infant:20-50)
- a regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation
- clear and equal breath sounds on both sides of the chest
- regular and equal chest rise and fall
- adequate depth (tidal volume)
- unlabeled; without adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds (wheezing, stridor)
Upper airway
Pharynx
Mouth
Epiglottis
Larynx
Carbon dioxide retention
A condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon
Signs and symptoms of asthma
- Wheezing on inspiration/expiration
- Bronchospasm
Signs and symptoms for anaphylaxis
- flushed shin or hives
- generalized edema
- decreased blood pressure (hypotension)
- laryngeal edema with dyspnea
- wheezing or stridor
Signs and symptoms for bronchiolitis
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- coughing
- fever
- dehydration
- tachypnea (increased respiration rate)
- tachycardia
Signs and symptoms of bronchitis
- chronic cough (with sputum production)
- wheezing
- cyanosis
- tachypnea (increased breathing rate)
Signs and symptoms for congestive heart failure
- dependent edema
- crackles (pulmonary edema)
- orthopnea (severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved by sitting up)
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breathe.
Signs and symptoms of common cold
- cough
- runny or stuffy nose
- sore throat
Signs and symptoms of croup
- fever
- barking cough
- stridor
- mostly seen in pediatric patients
Signs and symptoms of diphtheria
- difficulty breathing and swallowing
- sore throat
- thick, gray buildup in throat or nose
- fever
Diphtheria
An infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx; this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx.
Signs and symptoms of emphysema
- barrel chest
- pursed lip breathing
- dyspnea on exertion
- cyanosis
- wheezing/decreased breath sounds
Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis
- dyspnea
- high fever
- stridor
- drooling
- difficulty swallowing
- severe sore throat
- tripod or sniffing position
Signs and symptoms for influenza type A
- cough
- fever
- sore throat
- fatigue
Signs and symptoms of pertussis (whooping cough)
- coughing spells
- whooping sounds
- fever
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia
- dyspnea
- chills, fever
- cough
- green, red, or rust colored sputum
- localized wheezing or crackles
Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax
- sudden chest pain with dyspnea
- decreased breath sounds (affected side)
- subcutaneous emphysema
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus
- sharp chest pain
- sudden onset
- dyspnea
- tachycardia
- clear breath sounds initially
Signs and symptoms of attention pneumothorax
- severe shortness of breath
- decreased/altered level of consciousness
- neck vein distention
- tracheal deviation (late sign)
- hypotension; sighs of shock (late sign)
Signs and symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- cough
- wheezing
- fever
- dehydration
Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)
- cough
- fever
- fatigue
- productive/bloody sputum
Patients often have breathing difficulty and/or hypoxia with the following medical conditions:
- pulmonary edema
- hay fever
- pleural effusion
- obstruction of the airway
- hyperventilation syndrome
- environmental/industrial exposure
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- drug overdose
Croup
Caused by inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea
Epiglottitis
A life-threatening inflammatory disease of epiglottis, the small flap in back of throat that protects the larynx and trachea from swallowing
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Causes infection in the lungs and breathing passages and can lead to other serious illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia
Bronchiolitis
A respiratory illness that often occurs due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and results in severe inflammation of the bronchioles.
Pneumonia
A general term that refers to infection in the lungs
Influenza type A
An animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans
Pulmonary edema
Buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstructions
Chronic bronchitis
Ongoing irritation of the trachea and bronchi
Emphysema
Common form of COPD, emphysema is a loss of the elastic material in the lungs that occurs when the alveolar air spaces are chronically stretched due to inflamed airways and obstructions of airflow out of the lugs
Asthma
An acute spasm of the bronchioles associated with excessive mucus production and swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages
Pneumothorax
A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space
Pleuritic chest pain
A sharp stabbing pain on one side that is worse during inspiration and expiration or with certain movement of the chest wall.
Pleural effusion
A collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest. It compresses the lung or lungs and causes dyspnea
Embolus
Anything in the circulatory system that moves from its point of origin to a distant site and lodges there, obstructing subsequent blood flow in that area
Pulmonary embolism
A blood clot formed in a vein, usually in the legs or pelvis, that breaks off and circulates through the venous system, moves through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery and become lodged and significantly obstruct blood flow
Hyperventilation
Over breathing to the point that the level of arterial carbon dioxide falls below normal.
Acidosis
The buildup of exec acid in the blood or body tissues that result from the primary illness.
Alkalosis
Buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids
