Chapter 19- Endocrine And Hematologic Emergencies Flashcards
Endocrine system
Communication system that controls functions inside the body
Endocrine glands
Secrete messenger hormones
Hormones
Chemical substances produced by a gland
What 2 things does the brain need to survive?
Glucose and oxygen
Insulin
Necessary for glucose to enter the cells for metabolism
What 2 hormones does the pancreas store and produce that play a major role in glucose metabolism?
Glucagon and insulin
Where does the pancreas create glucagon and insulin?
Islets of langerhans
Diabetes mellitus
A disorder of glucose metabolism
Where the body has either an impaired insulin production or not enough functional receptors on the surface of the cells for the insulin to bind to.
3 types of diabetes
Type 1, type 2, and pregnancy induced gestational diabetes.
Hyperglycemia
A state in which the blood glucose level is above normal
Hypoglycemia
State in which the blood glucose level is below normal.
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorder in which the immune cysteine produces antibodies against the pancreatic beta cells.
Meaning the pancreas is producing little to no insulin at all
Polyuria
More frequent urination
Polydipsia
Increase in fluid consumption
Polyphagia
Severe hunger and increased food intake.
Patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes will have symptoms related to eating and drinking:
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss Fatigue
Ketones
Acid waste produced When the body burns fat rather than glucose
When the kidneys do not work properly to maintain acid-base balance in the body because of the excess ketones and glucose in the blood this may be a result
Faster and deeper respiration’s by trying to reduce the acid levels in the body by releasing more CO2 (Kussmaul respiration’s)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
A life threatening result that may occur if fat metabolism and ketone production continue
Type 2 diabetes
Cause by resistance to the effects of insulin at the cellular level.
Fewer insulin receptors so there are not enough locks
May have recurrent infection, change in vision, or numbness in the feet.
Symptomatic hypoglycemia
An acute emergency in which a patient’s blood glucose level drops and must be corrected swiftly.
Hypoglycemia can be associated with the following signs and symptoms
Normal to shallow or rapid respiration’s Pale, moist skin Diaphoresis (sweating) Dizziness, headache Rapid pulse Normal to low blood pressure Altered mental status Anxious or combative behavior Seizure, fainting, or coma Weakness on one side of the body Rapid changes in mental status
AEIOU-TIPS
- Alcohol
- Epilepsy, endocrine, electrolytes
- Insulin
- Opiates and other drugs
- Uremia (kidney failure)
- Trauma, temperature
- Infection
- Poisoning, psychogenic causes
- Shock, stroke, seizure, space-occupying lesion, subarachnoid hemmorrhage
Patients with hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia are thought to be..
Intoxicated, especially if their condition has cause a motor vehicle crash
Hematology
The study of blood related diseases
4 components the blood is made up of:
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma
Sickle cell disease
An inherited blood disorder that affect the red blood cells
The odd shaped red blood cells protect the individual from contracting malaria
The misshaped sickle cells can lead to
Dysfunction in oxygen binding and unintentional clot formation that may result in blockages known as vasoocclusive crisis
Life span of a normal sickle cell RBC
110 to 120 days
Hemophilia
A decreased ability to create a clot after an injury.
Thrombophilia
A disorder in the body’s ability to maintain the viscosity and smooth flow of blood through the venous and arterial systems.
Concentration of particular elements in the blood creates what amounts to clogging or blockage issues.
