Chapter 31

Question 1

What is the difference between the chemically (rarely used) drug name, the generic (official) drug name, and the trade/brand/proprietary (trademarked) drug name?

Answer 1

• chemically: exact description of medication’s composition and molecular structure
• generic: assigned by the drug manufacturer
• trade/brand/proprietary: name under which manufacturer markets the medication; easy to pronounce, spell, and remember

Question 2

What is the most common form of medication? What are the 3 forms this can come in?

Answer 2

– oral (PO)

1. solid
2. liquid
3. others – lozenges, aerosols, etc.

Question 3

What are the 4 types of PO medications that cannot be crushed?

Answer 3

1. capsules
2. enteric-coated
3. sublingual
4. extended-release

Question 4

What is absorption in relation to medication?

Answer 4

how fast medications are absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 5

What are the 4 factors that influence absorption rate?

Answer 5

1. route of administration
2. blood flow to site of administration
3. body surface area
4. lipid solubility

Question 6

What are the 3 fastest routes of absorption?

Answer 6

1. IV – fastest
2. IM
3. subq

Question 7

Where does metabolism of medication usually occur within the body?

Answer 7

liver

metabolized into a less potent/inactive form

Question 8

What are the 5 organs that participate in excretion of medication from the body?

Answer 8

1. kidneys
   
   1. impaired kidney function increases risk for toxicity
2. liver
3. bowels
4. lungs
5. exocrine glands

Question 9

What is the difference between the therapeutic effect and the adverse effect of medication?

Answer 9

• therapeutic effect: expected/predicted physiological response; what you want to happen
• adverse effect: unintended/undesirable/unpredicted response; what you don’t want to happen

Question 10

What is the difference between side effect, toxic effect, and idiosyncratic reaction to medication?

Answer 10

• side effect: predictable but unavoidable secondary effect
• toxic effect: accumulation of medication in the bloodstream
• idiosyncratic reaction: unpredictable overreaction, underreaction, or different reaction from normal response to medication

Question 11

What does it mean when medication is said to be synergistic?

Answer 11

one medication modifies the action of another medication

Question 12

What does it mean to have increased medication tolerance?

Answer 12

more medication is required to achieve the same therapeutic effect

Question 13

What is the therapeutic range of a medication?

Answer 13

lowest and highest amounts of medication to achieve therapeutic effect

Question 14

What is the difference between sublingual and buccal medication administration?

Answer 14

• sublingual – placed under the tongue to dissolve
• buccal – placed against mucous membranes of the cheek

Question 15

How many deaths/year do medical errors result in?

Answer 15

250,000

Question 16

What is the #1 priority if a medication error is made?

Answer 16

assess the pt! Once the pt is stable, notify the healthcare provider

Question 17

What are the 6 rights of medication administration? And what are the 5 additional rights?

Answer 17

– 6 rights:

1. drug
2. dose
3. patient (2 verifiers)
4. route
5. time
6. documentation

– 5 additional rights:

1. indication/reason
2. response
3. assessment
4. education
5. right to refuse

Question 18

What is polypharmacy, and for what demographic does it become an important medication consideration?

Answer 18

– polypharmacy: use of multiple medications; use of potentially inappropriate/unnecessary medication; use of medications that do no match diagnosis

– a consideration for older adults

Question 19

What is important to note about older adult physiology in relation to medication administration?

Answer 19

aging results in everything slowing down – slower absorption, slower metabolism

also, more adipose tissue

Question 20

What is the parenteral route? What are the 4 major sites?

Answer 20

– parenteral route: into bloodstream

– 4 major sites:

1. intradermal – into skin
2. subq – into fat
3. intramuscular – into muscle
4. intravenous – into veins

Question 21

What are the 2 sites of administration for topical medication?

Answer 21

1. skin
2. mucous membranes – oral, rectal, vaginal

Question 22

What are the 3 ways to administer nasal drugs?

Answer 22

1. spray
2. drops
3. tampons – packing the nose

Question 23

In 4 steps, briefly explain how to mix insulin.

Answer 23

1. inject air into cloudy
2. inject air into clear
3. draw clear
4. draw cloudy

Question 24

What are the 4 classifications of insulin based on rate of action?

Answer 24

1. rapid-acting
2. short-acting
3. intermediate-acting
4. long-acting

Question 25

What is the standard blood glucose level for an adult?

Answer 25

70 - 120 mg/dL

Question 26

At what angles should the needle be inserted when delivering these 3 types of parenteral injections: IM, subq, and intradermal?

Answer 26

• IM = 90 degrees
  
  • into muscle
• subq = 45 - 90 degrees
  
  • into fat
• intradermal = 5 - 15 degrees with bevel up