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Kinesiology > Chapter 3: Spine > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The axial skeleton consists of …

A

vertebral column
ribs
sternum
skull

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2
Q

What are the distinct regions of the vertebral (spinal) column?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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3
Q

How many regions are in the vertebral column?

A

5

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4
Q

True or False

The Thoracic and Lumbar are fused together along with the Coccygeal

A

False

The Sacral and Coccygeal are fused

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5
Q

How many processes does the vertebral have?

A

7

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6
Q

What projects dorsally and inferiorly on the vertebral column

A

spinous process

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7
Q

What extends laterally from each side of the vertebra?

A

transverse process

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8
Q

What two facets (2 of each) are on each side of the vertebra?

A

inferior and superior facets

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9
Q

What is formed by anterior and posterior arches, which connect to create a large vertebral foramen within the cervical vertebrae.

A

Atlas

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10
Q

What allows the rotation of the skull on the spinal column?

A

Axis

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11
Q

What projects upward through the foramen of the atlas?

A

Dens or Odontoid

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12
Q

The sternum is made up of …

A

a flat vertical bone

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13
Q

What plane is the sternum in?

A

Saggital Plane

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14
Q

What is the sternum made up of?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process

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15
Q

How many pairs is the rib cage made up of?

A

12

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16
Q

The first 7 ribs are considered?

A

True ribs

They have direct connection to the sternum

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17
Q

Ribs 8-10 are considered?

A

False ribs

They converge w/a common costal cartilage connection to the sternum

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18
Q

Ribs 11-12 are considered?

A

Floating ribs

They have no boney connection

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19
Q

Define hypertonia

A

increased muscle tone throughout body

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20
Q

Define hypotonia

A

decreased muscle tone throughout body

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21
Q

Which of the following muscles is the primary flexor of the trunk?

rectus abdominis
external oblique
erector spinae
quadratus lumborom

A

rectus abdominis

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22
Q

What structures form a closed kinetic chain that resembles a bucket handle?

clavicle and 1st rib
lumbar vertebrae and sacrum
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, & sternum
cervical spine and clavicle

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, & sternum

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23
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm has what effect on the volume of the thoracic cavity?

decreased volume
neutral volume
stabilized volume
increased volume

A

increased volume

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24
Q

What vertebral region supports the majority of the compressive load of the spine?

cervical
lumbar
thoracic
coccyx

A

lumbar

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25
Q

Maintaining a neutral spine and lifting with the legs reduces what type of force between adjacent vertebrae?

compression
distraction
shear
concentric

A

shear

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26
Q

What type of stance supports occupational performance by facilitating weight-shifting and maintaining a neutral pelvis?

straight leg
neutral
parallel
stagger

A

stagger

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27
Q

The medial and lateral orientation of the ______ joints limits rotation and enhances stability in the lumbar spine?

zygapophyseal
laminar
interbody
atlantoaxial

A

zygapophyseal

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28
Q

What structure provides the flexible cushion between adjacent vertebrae, absorbing axial compression and allowing for some motion?

transverse process
thoracumlumbar fascia
intervertebral disc
synovial capsule

A

intervertebral disc

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29
Q

Contraction of the abdominal muscle while lifting increases ________, which helps stabilize the lumbar spine.

thoracic cavity volume
intra-abdominal pressure
cervical mobility
low back pain

A

intra-abdominal pressure

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30
Q

What portion of the vertebral column is the most mobile and facilitates occupational performance greatly increasing the visual field?

lumbar spine
sacral spine
thoracic spine
cervical spine

A

cervical spine

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31
Q

Devices that may be used to facilitate compensatory methods for performing occupations are defined as …

A

Adaptive Equipment (AE)

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32
Q

Bones along the vertical axis of the skeleton including the vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull is defined …

A

Axial Skeleton

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33
Q

A congenital disorder related to abnormal brain development or damage that commonly affects mvmt, balance, and muscle tone is defined as

A

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

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34
Q

The upper most portion of the vertebral column, formed by 7 cervical vertebrae is defined as

A

cervical spine

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35
Q

The simultaneous contraction of antagonist and agonist muscles to provide joint stability is defined as …

A

co-contraction

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36
Q

Define “core”

A

the central region of the body

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37
Q

The process of differentiating between multiple possible conditions based on patient Hx, Sx, and clinical presentation is defined as …

A

differential diagnosis

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38
Q

Define “fusion”

A

surgical fixation of a joint

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39
Q

Define “laminectomy”

A

The removal of the laminae of the vertebra or vertebrae

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40
Q

Define “LBP”

A

The common location of pain within the vertebral column due to the load bearing-nature of the lumbar spine

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41
Q

Define “lumbar spine”

A

The lowermost portion of the vertebral column formed by 5 lumbar vertebrae

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42
Q

A group of muscles innervated by a particular spinal nerve is defined as …

A

myotome

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43
Q

A single kyphotic curvature of the entire vertebrae column that is present @ birth is defined as…

A

primary curve

44
Q

Define “radiculopathy”

A

compression of the spinal nerve root

45
Q

A single lordotic curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine that forms in children as they begin to sit, stand, and walk is defined as …

A

secondary curve

46
Q

An injury to the spinal cord that blocks transmission of neurological signals btwn the brain & body is defined as ….

A

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

47
Q

Define “stagger stance”

A

standing with one foot in front of the other w/ hips and knees semi flexed

48
Q

Define “thoracic spine”

A

The middle portion of the vertebral column

49
Q

The core of the body including the back, abdomen, thorax, and pelvis is defined as …

A

Trunk

50
Q

The vertebrae that form the skeletal structure of the spine is defined as …

A

Vertebral (spinal) Column

51
Q

Define “weight-shifting”

A

moving the weight of the body from one leg to another.

52
Q

What bony landmark of the vertebral column consists of only the thoracic vertebrae and articular surfaces for ribs?

A

costal facets

53
Q

Within the cervical vertebrae, the upper cervical spine consists of what?

A

C-1 and C-2
Skull-spinal column interface

54
Q

All together, the costal facets for rib attachments, thicker posteriorly and thinner anteriorly, and kyphotic curvature are called…

A

thoracic vertebrae

55
Q

A unique structure of the cervical spine that extends inferiorly from external occipital protubereance is called?

A

nuchal ligament

56
Q

What has 5 vertebrae, largest and least mobile, thicker anteriorly, lumbar lordosis is called?

A

lumbar vertebrae

57
Q

What supports lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, is a thick membrane, and limits shear force called?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia (TLF)

58
Q

What has a triangular bone, beneath 5th lumbar vertebra, and forms posterior pelvic wall called?

A

Sacrum

59
Q

What in the sacrum has an opening on anterior and posterior surfaces and passages for spinal nerves called?

A

foramina

60
Q

The lateral aspect of superior sacrum and articular surface for pelvis is called…

A

sacral ala

61
Q

The tailbone, formed by 3-5 small vertebrae is called?

A

coccyx

62
Q

The gross movements of the trunk that require functional activity are….

A

flexion
extension
side bending
rotation

63
Q

Is the spine functioning in a closed or open chain pattern when sitting, walking, standing, or walking?

A

closed chain

64
Q

Define the Atlantooccipital joint

A
  • between the skull and vertebral column
  • convex occipital condyles and concave facets of atlas
  • supported by synovial capsules and membranes
  • flexion and extension of the head
65
Q

Define the Atlantoaxial joint

A
  • rotation of the head
  • pivot for rotation
  • 2 synovial facet joints
  • supported by the anterior & posterior atlantoaxial membranes
66
Q

How many intervertebral joints are there?

A

3

67
Q

What are the intervertebral joints?

A

interbody (1)
Zygapophyseal (facet) joint (2)

68
Q

Adjacent vertebral bodies,
intervertebral disc acts as a cushion,
nucleus pulposus displaces to accommodate movement, and
Annulus fibrosis limits displacement and stabilizes

all are considered …

A

interbody joints

69
Q

Formed by superior and inferior facets,
synovial joints, and
allows small amount of motion

all are considered as…

A

zygapophyseal (facet) joint

70
Q

The atlantoaxial joint is referred as …

A

“no joint”` - in charge of rotation

71
Q

The Atlantooccipitala joint is referred as…

A

“yes joint” - in charge of flexion & extension

72
Q

The muscles that act on the spine form the …

A

muscular core of the body and serve to position, align, and stabilize the trunk.

73
Q

What is similar to the guylines of a cell tower or tent, balancing the forces that keep the trunk upright?

A

The core muscles

74
Q

True or false

Spinal muscles surround and support the spinal column?

A

true

75
Q

True or false

Agonist & antagonist muscles act simutaneously?

A

true

76
Q

What is it called?

Exerts force in different directions to stabilize and acts as a synergist for mvmt.

A

co-contraction

77
Q

What torsion referred as?

A

twisting

78
Q

What is the recommended position for sleep?

A

supine

79
Q

What do the posterior muscle actions on the trunk/neck do?

A

extend
laterally flex
rotate

80
Q

What are the posterior musculature muscles?

A
  • erector spinae group
  • transversospinalis group
  • splenii
  • sub occipitals
  • quadrates lumborum
  • intetransversarii and interspinales muscles
  • serratus posterior, superior, and inferior
81
Q

Most superficial
lower vertebral column and pelvis to base of skull

A

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

82
Q

Brings body back to neutral after flexing
Cooperates w/abdominals for static

A

erector spinae group

83
Q

Deep to erector spine muscles
Connect individual vertebrae

A

multifidi
rotatores
semispinalis capitis

84
Q

Deep posture stability

A

multifidi and rotatores

85
Q

contribute to rotation, lateral flex & ext of head & neck

A

splenii

86
Q

force for extension and rotation of head

A

rectus capitis posterior major & minor

87
Q

lateral flex & ext muscle in the head is called ….

A

oblique capitis superior

88
Q

Rotation if atlantoaxial joint muscle is called…

A

oblique capitis inferior

89
Q

Stabilizes lower back,
Elevates pelvis, and
Flexes trunk laterally

A

quadratus lumborum

90
Q

Stabilize,
lateral flex btwn vertebrae

A

Intertransversarii

91
Q

trunk extension

A

interspinalis

92
Q

Elevates and depresses ribs during respiration

A

serratus posterior superior & inferior

93
Q

The anterior musculature actions on the trunk & neck do what?

A

stabilize
laterally flex

94
Q

The muscles in the anterior musculature include…

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
abdominal muscles
diaphragm
intercostals

95
Q

The sternocleidomastoid muscle moves are ..

A

contralateral rotation
lateral flex

96
Q

Superficial muscle when turning head to the side is called…

A

sternocleidomastoid

97
Q

The SCM has 2 heads called…

A

clavicular
sternal

fibers follow and obliques pathway to insert at the mastoid process of the temporal lobe

98
Q

Muscles that contribute primarily to lateral flex (unilateral action) and flex (bilateral action) of the cervical spine is called …

A

scalenes - anterior, posterior, and middle

99
Q

A condition in which the brachial plexus and/or adjacent vascular structures are compressed in the neck or axilla area is defined as ….

A

Throacic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

100
Q

True or False

Always lift with your back and legs

A

false - lift w/your legs not back

101
Q

An anterior musculature support for the trunk and as a counterbalance to the erector spinae is defined as…

A

abdominal muscles

102
Q

A central muscle of the abdominal wall, w/fibers extending from the pubic crest to the ribs 5-7 & xiphoid process is defined as ….

A

rectus abdominis

103
Q

Muscles that slant inferiorly and medially from the ribs twd the iiac crest and rectus sheath of the rectus abdominis is defined as ….

A

external oblique

104
Q

The muscle that lies deep to the external oblique is defined as….

A

internal oblique

105
Q

What wraps the abdomen like a corset?

A

transverse abdominis

106
Q

What are the 2 common conditions of abnormal muscle tone?

A

cerebral palsy
hemiparesis

107
Q

How long does it take for the intercostal ribs to heal if fractured?

A

up to 6 weeks

Kinesiology (19 decks)

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