Chapter 3: Spine Flashcards
The axial skeleton consists of …
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
skull
What are the distinct regions of the vertebral (spinal) column?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
How many regions are in the vertebral column?
5
True or False
The Thoracic and Lumbar are fused together along with the Coccygeal
False
The Sacral and Coccygeal are fused
How many processes does the vertebral have?
7
What projects dorsally and inferiorly on the vertebral column
spinous process
What extends laterally from each side of the vertebra?
transverse process
What two facets (2 of each) are on each side of the vertebra?
inferior and superior facets
What is formed by anterior and posterior arches, which connect to create a large vertebral foramen within the cervical vertebrae.
Atlas
What allows the rotation of the skull on the spinal column?
Axis
What projects upward through the foramen of the atlas?
Dens or Odontoid
The sternum is made up of …
a flat vertical bone
What plane is the sternum in?
Saggital Plane
What is the sternum made up of?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
How many pairs is the rib cage made up of?
12
The first 7 ribs are considered?
True ribs
They have direct connection to the sternum
Ribs 8-10 are considered?
False ribs
They converge w/a common costal cartilage connection to the sternum
Ribs 11-12 are considered?
Floating ribs
They have no boney connection
Define hypertonia
increased muscle tone throughout body
Define hypotonia
decreased muscle tone throughout body
Which of the following muscles is the primary flexor of the trunk?
rectus abdominis
external oblique
erector spinae
quadratus lumborom
rectus abdominis
What structures form a closed kinetic chain that resembles a bucket handle?
clavicle and 1st rib
lumbar vertebrae and sacrum
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, & sternum
cervical spine and clavicle
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, & sternum
Contraction of the diaphragm has what effect on the volume of the thoracic cavity?
decreased volume
neutral volume
stabilized volume
increased volume
increased volume
What vertebral region supports the majority of the compressive load of the spine?
cervical
lumbar
thoracic
coccyx
lumbar
Maintaining a neutral spine and lifting with the legs reduces what type of force between adjacent vertebrae?
compression
distraction
shear
concentric
shear
What type of stance supports occupational performance by facilitating weight-shifting and maintaining a neutral pelvis?
straight leg
neutral
parallel
stagger
stagger
The medial and lateral orientation of the ______ joints limits rotation and enhances stability in the lumbar spine?
zygapophyseal
laminar
interbody
atlantoaxial
zygapophyseal
What structure provides the flexible cushion between adjacent vertebrae, absorbing axial compression and allowing for some motion?
transverse process
thoracumlumbar fascia
intervertebral disc
synovial capsule
intervertebral disc
Contraction of the abdominal muscle while lifting increases ________, which helps stabilize the lumbar spine.
thoracic cavity volume
intra-abdominal pressure
cervical mobility
low back pain
intra-abdominal pressure
What portion of the vertebral column is the most mobile and facilitates occupational performance greatly increasing the visual field?
lumbar spine
sacral spine
thoracic spine
cervical spine
cervical spine
Devices that may be used to facilitate compensatory methods for performing occupations are defined as …
Adaptive Equipment (AE)
Bones along the vertical axis of the skeleton including the vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull is defined …
Axial Skeleton
A congenital disorder related to abnormal brain development or damage that commonly affects mvmt, balance, and muscle tone is defined as
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
The upper most portion of the vertebral column, formed by 7 cervical vertebrae is defined as
cervical spine
The simultaneous contraction of antagonist and agonist muscles to provide joint stability is defined as …
co-contraction
Define “core”
the central region of the body
The process of differentiating between multiple possible conditions based on patient Hx, Sx, and clinical presentation is defined as …
differential diagnosis
Define “fusion”
surgical fixation of a joint
Define “laminectomy”
The removal of the laminae of the vertebra or vertebrae
Define “LBP”
The common location of pain within the vertebral column due to the load bearing-nature of the lumbar spine
Define “lumbar spine”
The lowermost portion of the vertebral column formed by 5 lumbar vertebrae
A group of muscles innervated by a particular spinal nerve is defined as …
myotome
A single kyphotic curvature of the entire vertebrae column that is present @ birth is defined as…
primary curve
Define “radiculopathy”
compression of the spinal nerve root
A single lordotic curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine that forms in children as they begin to sit, stand, and walk is defined as …
secondary curve
An injury to the spinal cord that blocks transmission of neurological signals btwn the brain & body is defined as ….
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
Define “stagger stance”
standing with one foot in front of the other w/ hips and knees semi flexed
Define “thoracic spine”
The middle portion of the vertebral column
The core of the body including the back, abdomen, thorax, and pelvis is defined as …
Trunk
The vertebrae that form the skeletal structure of the spine is defined as …
Vertebral (spinal) Column
Define “weight-shifting”
moving the weight of the body from one leg to another.
What bony landmark of the vertebral column consists of only the thoracic vertebrae and articular surfaces for ribs?
costal facets
Within the cervical vertebrae, the upper cervical spine consists of what?
C-1 and C-2
Skull-spinal column interface
All together, the costal facets for rib attachments, thicker posteriorly and thinner anteriorly, and kyphotic curvature are called…
thoracic vertebrae
A unique structure of the cervical spine that extends inferiorly from external occipital protubereance is called?
nuchal ligament
What has 5 vertebrae, largest and least mobile, thicker anteriorly, lumbar lordosis is called?
lumbar vertebrae
What supports lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, is a thick membrane, and limits shear force called?
Thoracolumbar fascia (TLF)
What has a triangular bone, beneath 5th lumbar vertebra, and forms posterior pelvic wall called?
Sacrum
What in the sacrum has an opening on anterior and posterior surfaces and passages for spinal nerves called?
foramina
The lateral aspect of superior sacrum and articular surface for pelvis is called…
sacral ala
The tailbone, formed by 3-5 small vertebrae is called?
coccyx
The gross movements of the trunk that require functional activity are….
flexion
extension
side bending
rotation
Is the spine functioning in a closed or open chain pattern when sitting, walking, standing, or walking?
closed chain
Define the Atlantooccipital joint
- between the skull and vertebral column
- convex occipital condyles and concave facets of atlas
- supported by synovial capsules and membranes
- flexion and extension of the head
Define the Atlantoaxial joint
- rotation of the head
- pivot for rotation
- 2 synovial facet joints
- supported by the anterior & posterior atlantoaxial membranes
How many intervertebral joints are there?
3
What are the intervertebral joints?
interbody (1)
Zygapophyseal (facet) joint (2)
Adjacent vertebral bodies,
intervertebral disc acts as a cushion,
nucleus pulposus displaces to accommodate movement, and
Annulus fibrosis limits displacement and stabilizes
all are considered …
interbody joints
Formed by superior and inferior facets,
synovial joints, and
allows small amount of motion
all are considered as…
zygapophyseal (facet) joint
The atlantoaxial joint is referred as …
“no joint”` - in charge of rotation
The Atlantooccipitala joint is referred as…
“yes joint” - in charge of flexion & extension
The muscles that act on the spine form the …
muscular core of the body and serve to position, align, and stabilize the trunk.
What is similar to the guylines of a cell tower or tent, balancing the forces that keep the trunk upright?
The core muscles
True or false
Spinal muscles surround and support the spinal column?
true
True or false
Agonist & antagonist muscles act simutaneously?
true
What is it called?
Exerts force in different directions to stabilize and acts as a synergist for mvmt.
co-contraction
What torsion referred as?
twisting
What is the recommended position for sleep?
supine
What do the posterior muscle actions on the trunk/neck do?
extend
laterally flex
rotate
What are the posterior musculature muscles?
- erector spinae group
- transversospinalis group
- splenii
- sub occipitals
- quadrates lumborum
- intetransversarii and interspinales muscles
- serratus posterior, superior, and inferior
Most superficial
lower vertebral column and pelvis to base of skull
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
Brings body back to neutral after flexing
Cooperates w/abdominals for static
erector spinae group
Deep to erector spine muscles
Connect individual vertebrae
multifidi
rotatores
semispinalis capitis
Deep posture stability
multifidi and rotatores
contribute to rotation, lateral flex & ext of head & neck
splenii
force for extension and rotation of head
rectus capitis posterior major & minor
lateral flex & ext muscle in the head is called ….
oblique capitis superior
Rotation if atlantoaxial joint muscle is called…
oblique capitis inferior
Stabilizes lower back,
Elevates pelvis, and
Flexes trunk laterally
quadratus lumborum
Stabilize,
lateral flex btwn vertebrae
Intertransversarii
trunk extension
interspinalis
Elevates and depresses ribs during respiration
serratus posterior superior & inferior
The anterior musculature actions on the trunk & neck do what?
stabilize
laterally flex
The muscles in the anterior musculature include…
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
abdominal muscles
diaphragm
intercostals
The sternocleidomastoid muscle moves are ..
contralateral rotation
lateral flex
Superficial muscle when turning head to the side is called…
sternocleidomastoid
The SCM has 2 heads called…
clavicular
sternal
fibers follow and obliques pathway to insert at the mastoid process of the temporal lobe
Muscles that contribute primarily to lateral flex (unilateral action) and flex (bilateral action) of the cervical spine is called …
scalenes - anterior, posterior, and middle
A condition in which the brachial plexus and/or adjacent vascular structures are compressed in the neck or axilla area is defined as ….
Throacic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
True or False
Always lift with your back and legs
false - lift w/your legs not back
An anterior musculature support for the trunk and as a counterbalance to the erector spinae is defined as…
abdominal muscles
A central muscle of the abdominal wall, w/fibers extending from the pubic crest to the ribs 5-7 & xiphoid process is defined as ….
rectus abdominis
Muscles that slant inferiorly and medially from the ribs twd the iiac crest and rectus sheath of the rectus abdominis is defined as ….
external oblique
The muscle that lies deep to the external oblique is defined as….
internal oblique
What wraps the abdomen like a corset?
transverse abdominis
What are the 2 common conditions of abnormal muscle tone?
cerebral palsy
hemiparesis
How long does it take for the intercostal ribs to heal if fractured?
up to 6 weeks
