Chapter 3 - Pulmonary Function Flashcards

0
Q

Explain expiration at rest

A

Passive process External intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes and returns dome shaped Ribs come in and down Thoracic cavity decreases Pressure increases

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1
Q

Explain inspiration at rest.

A

Lower pressure in lungs Diaphragm contracts & flattens Intercostal muscles contract Pleural membrane connects to the ribs to lift cage up and out Increase thoracic cavity Active process

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2
Q

Explain inspiration in exercise

A

Strerncleidomastoid contracts to lift the sternum The scalene and pectoralis minor lift the ribs further Thoracic cavity increases

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3
Q

Explain expiration in exercise

A

More active Internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the rib cage in and down Abdominal a contract to push the diaphragm up Rapid reduction of the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The amount of air breathed in or out per breath

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5
Q

What is inspiration reserve volume?

A

Max amount of air that is forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume

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6
Q

Explain expiration reserve volume

A

Max amount of air that can be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

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7
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Max amount of air exhaled after a max inspiration

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8
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

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9
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity plus residual volume

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10
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

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11
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

Frequency of breathing x tidal volume

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12
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

How to calculate total lung capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + exploratory reserve volume + residual volume

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14
Q

Where does gaseous exchange happen?

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

Explain why gaseous exchange happens?

A

The partial pressure/concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide difference The partial pressures want to be equal

16
Q

State and describe the process of how gases move through the lungs and capillaries

A

Diffusion - The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to a low area of concentration/ partial pressure

17
Q

What makes diffusion efficient

A

Permeable of the alveoli and capillary walls Short distance Readiness of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen Large surface area of alveoli Slow movement of blood through capillaries

18
Q

What controlled the rate and depth of breathing and where is it?

A

Respiratory centre Mendulla oblongata

19
Q

What are the chemical changes that cause a change in breathing depth and rate during exercise?

A

Increase in carbon dioxide Increase in lactic acid

20
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported and what %

A

5% in blood plasma 20% combined with haemoglobin 60-80% combines with water to make bicarbonate.

21
Q

Does the body try and get rid of all oxygen, and why?

A

No, its a background level that provides a chemical stimulation to control breathing and compare to.

22
Q

What detects changes in blood acidity

A

Chemo-recptors

23
Q

What detects change in blood pressure

A

Baro-receptors

24
Q

Describe how the body increases breathing rate and depth

A

Chemo receptors detect a higher blood acidity, meaning there’s more carbon dioxide in the blood, a message is sent to the mendulla oblongata and the respiratory centre, the message is sent down the sympathetic nerve back to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract

25
Q

Describe a spirmeter trace and its labels.

A