Chapter 3; Neuroanatomy Flashcards
4 neurotransmitters primarily responsible for motivation and Emotion
Dopamine ; reward and pleasure
Serotonin: mood and emotion
Norepherine : arousal and alertness
Endorphins; inhibition of pain, anxiety and fear
Systems involved in personality based on right or left asymmetry of prefrontal cortex
Right asymmetry ( negative affect and sympathetic NS activator ) neuroticisims Behavior inhibition system and introversion
Left asymmetry ; positive affect and behavior approach system ; extroversion and happiness
Dual process of brain activation
Bidirectional connections between subcortical ( subcortical is unconscious automatic ) and cortical regions ( conscious , controlled, planning and intent )
Reticular formation
Ascending and descending ( higher cortical and subcortical regulate body via efferabt fibres autonomic or somatic ) activating system, arousal, awakness, alertness
Amygdala
Interconnected nuclei intracetly connected with other neclei detect lear about and respond to emotional significant and aversive events and major component of social brain ( social cues and facial expressions to determine appropriate social appropriateness and links between amygdala dysfunction may relate to autism BPD . Learn reward properties of environment and events, value of rewad, costa to get it and predictibility of reward
Basal ganglia
Energize or activate action plans ; substantia nigra and globus pallidus motivational and emotionally prepared action. Gate keeper of movement. Caudate and Putaman movement intentions and coordinated action. Send info to motor errors( keep actions on tract).
Ventral striatum
Parts of caudate nucleus putamen and nucleus acumbens reward centre activation in region teach us what we like, prefer and what we want.
Dopamine release
Anticipation of reward in amygdala leads to ventral tegmental areas and dopamine release then to nucleus acumbens dopamine hits receptor and leads to increase in behaviours to get more dopamine ( movement regulated through ventral striatums Globus pallidus and substantial nigra
Hypothalamus
Regulation of autonomic system and endocrine system and modulates the three F : fight and flight, feed and sex and hunger thirst. Fight flight and rest digest divisions
Insular cortex ( insula )
Anterior part of temporal lobe and posterior receives monitors and aware of bodily states subcortical
Anterior process info from subcortical regions allows us to be aware of changes consciously aware, gut feelings, agency, intrinsic rewards , empathy and self concepts
How is anxiety related to insula and locus of control
Anterior part interprets symptoms and sensations of anxiety and leads to catastrophising. Determines extent to which we feel our actions affect the world ( locus of control via anterior insula activations)
3 area of pre frontal cortex and functions
Ventromedial ; affective value of sensory stimuli and cues, unlearned stimuli. Integrated cognition and emotion during decision making. Bidirectional communication with subcortical regions ; emotions influence decision. Receives info from insula to effect decisions, ie we feel sick for an action and ventromedial inhibits behavior in future
Oritofrontal floor of prefrontal cortex, stores and processes information on environmental objects and decisions based on these in decisions. Inhibits inappropriate actions related gratifications with reciprocal inhibition with subcortical areas
Dorsolateral: learned emotional value of objects and events already stored ( closer to hippocampus ) self control and socio-econotinal competence. Think nostalgia.
Difference between right and left prefrontal cortex
Right negative emotions avoidance sympathetic ( power, personal protection) higher level behavioral inhibition pessimistic, neuroticisims
Left positive emotions approach and parasympathetic ( affiliation, ) happy, calmer less reactive
How is cortisol related to hypothalamus and what are differences between shot term and long term release
Cortisol via adrenal glands ; hypothalamic picture adrenal-cortotrophic axis ; short term regulation, long term maladaptive cognitions and allosteric load.
Testosterone
Testosterone levels higher ; more weight increase used by athletes, men with more testosterone single and more likely to cheat. After marriage good father less testerone
