Chapter 3 - How Drugs Work in the Body and Mind

Question 0

Intramuscular (IM)

Answer 0

Into a muscle.

Question 1

Intravenous (IV)

Answer 1

Into a vein

Question 2

Subcutaneous (SC or Sub-Q)

Answer 2

Underneath the skin.

Question 3

Intranasal

Answer 3

Applied to the mucous membranes of the nose.

Question 4

Sublingual

Answer 4

Applied under the tongue.

Question 5

Transdermal Patch

Answer 5

A device attached to the skin that slowly delivers the drug through skin absorption.

Question 6

Biotransformation

Answer 6

The process of changing the molecular structure of a drug into forms that make it easier for the body to excrete it.

Question 8

Metabolite

Answer 8

A by-product resulting from the biotransformation process.

Question 9

Elimination Half-Life

Answer 9

The length of time it takes for a drug to e reduced to 50% of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream.

Question 10

Latency Period

Answer 10

An interval of time during which blod levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed.

Question 11

Synergism

Answer 11

The property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone.

Question 12

Potentitation

Answer 12

The property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect.

Question 13

Cross-Tolerance

Answer 13

A phenomenon in which the tolerance that results from the chronic use of one drug indices a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been used before.

Question 14

Cross-Dependence

Answer 14

A phenomenon in which one drug can be used to reduce the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuance of another drug.

Question 15

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 15

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and the brain.

Question 16

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 16

The portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves and nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system and outward to muscles and glands.

Question 17

Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 17

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily changes that deal with stressful or emergency situations.

Question 18

Parasympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 18

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily changes that lead to increased nurturance, rest, and maintenance.

Question 19

Neuron

Answer 19

The specialized cell in the nervous system designed to receive and transmit information.

Question 20

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 20

The portion of the forebrain devoted to a high level of information processing.

Question 21

Synapse

Answer 21

The juncture between neurons. It consists of a synaptic knob, the intervening gap, and receptor sites on a receiving neuron.

Question 22

Neurotransmitter

Answer 22

A chemical substance that a neuron uses to communicate information at the synapse.

Question 23

Reuptake

Answer 23

The process by which a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site to the synaptic knob.

Question 24

Acetylcholine

Answer 24

A neurotransmitter active in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, and peripheral somatic nerves.

Question 25

Norepinephrine

Answer 25

A neurotransmitter active in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and in many regions of the brain.

Question 26

Dopamine

Answer 26

A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and motor control.

Question 27

Serotonin

Answer 27

A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and sleep patterns.

Question 28

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Answer 28

An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Anti-anxiety drugs tend to facilitate the activity level of GABA in the brain.

Question 29

Glutamate

Answer 29

An excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate receptors are associated with actions of PCP and ketamine and with feelings of drug craving.

Question 30

Endorphins

Answer 30

A class of chemical substances, produced in the brain and elsewhere in the body, that mimic the effects of morphine and other opiate drugs.

Question 31

Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 31

A system whereby some substances in the bloodstream are excluded from entering the nervous system.

Question 32

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 32

A region in the limbic system of the brain considered to be responsible for the rewarding effects of several drugs of abuse.

Question 33

Placebo

Answer 33

Any inert substance that produces a psychological or physiological reaction.

Question 34

Double-Bind

Answer 34

A procedure in drug research in which neither the individual administering a chemical substance not the individual receiving it knows whether the substance is the drug being evaluated of an active placebo.