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Science > Chapter 3- Heat, Light and Sound > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Heat, Light and Sound Flashcards

1
Q

What does heating a substance do?

A

Adds energy to the particle

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2
Q

What happens when an object is heated?

A

The particles start to vibrate more and more and also expand as they move apart

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3
Q

How do substances change state?

A

When the particles vibrate so much that they break free from one another and change state

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4
Q

What is conduction?

A

How heat travels through solids

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5
Q

How does conduction work?

A

Hotter substances have particles that vibrate faster and as heat flows from areas of higher temperature to lower, the particles cause other particles to vibrate and the heat spreads.

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6
Q

What are conductors and insulators?

A

Conductors are substances that transfer heat easily. Insulators are substances that are poor conductors or even block heat completely

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7
Q

What are some examples of good conductors?

A

Metals e.g Gold, Nickel, Iron

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8
Q

What are some examples of good insulators?

A

Plastic, air and cloth

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9
Q

How does a thermos flask work?

A

They create a vacuum between the substance inside and the substance outside, meaning that heat cannot get inside

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10
Q

What is convection?

A

How heat travels in liquids and gases

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11
Q

How does convection work?

A

As air is heated, and because hot air is less dens than cool air, causing it to rise, the airflow of the rising and falling air creates an airflow called a convection current

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12
Q

What are some examples of convection?

A

Things like sea breezes and hot water systems

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13
Q

What is radiation?

A

Because space is a vacuum, heat from the sun cannot be transferred through conduction or convection because there are no particles so it transfers through radiation.

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14
Q

How does radiation work?

A

The heat transmits itself as an invisible wave that travels at the speed of light and is known as an Infrared (IR) wave

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15
Q

What happens when radiated energy hits a surface?

A

It is either absorbed, reflected or transmitted depending on the substance and colour

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16
Q

What type of colours absorb, reflect or transmit?

A

Dark colours absorb heat, light colours reflect and clear materials transmit hea

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17
Q

How is sound produced?

A

When vibrations create compressions and rarefractions

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18
Q

What substances can sound transmit through and what can it transmit through the best?

A

It transmits through solids the best, then liquids, then gases and not at all through a vacuum because it relies on particles to move

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19
Q

How does a transverse wave move? And what are some examples?

A

Up and down or side to side. Examples are light waves and secondary waves

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20
Q

How does a longitudinal wave move and what are some examples?

A

Back and forth in the same direction the wave is travelling and examples are sound waves and Primary Waves

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21
Q

What speed does sound travel at through normal air temperature?

A

Around 340m/s

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22
Q

What type of surfaces reflect sound and what is it heard as?

A

Hard surfaces such as concrete reflect sound waves and it is heard as an echo

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23
Q

What types of materials absorb sound?

A

Soft materials such as carpet

24
Q

How does sonar work?

A

The sound reflect off a hard surface and is heard as an echo and the time difference can be used to calculate the depth of something underwater

25
Q

What produces a higher pitch or frequency?

A

The faster the particles vibrate

26
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of vibrations a sound makes per second. It is measured in hertz

27
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

The distance between two crests or trenches

28
Q

What is amplitude?

A

How loud a sound is and the larger the peak of a wave, the higher the amplitude

29
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

A

Sound that have a higher frequency produce sound waves with a shorter wavelength

30
Q

What is the equation for a wave?

A

Velocity (which is always the same) which equals Frequency times wavelength

31
Q

What are the parts and their functions of the outer ear?

A

The Pinna which funnels sound into the ear canal

The Eardrum which vibrates the sound and separates the outer and middle ear

32
Q

What are the parts and their functions of the Middle ear?

A

The Ossicles- 3 bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that magnify the vibrations
Oval Window- Transmits vibrations to the cochlea and separates Middle and Inner Ears

33
Q

What are the parts and their functions of the Inner Ear?

A

Eustachian Tube- Connects to the nose and throat and controls the air pressure which stops the eardrum from bursting
Semicircular Canals- Control our sense of balance
Cochlea- Vibrations are detected by tiny hairs in the cochlea which convert the movement into electrical impulses
Auditory Nerve- Transmits the electrical impulses to the brain

34
Q

What types of things are used to fix hearing?

A

Hearing Aids magnify the sound and enable people to hear better.
Cochlea implants replace the cochlea and can fix deafness

35
Q

What can happen when light hits a surface?

A

It is either transmitted through it, reflected off it or absorbed into it

36
Q

What happens when light hits a transparent object?

A

Almost all light is transmitted through it and a clear image can be seen through it. E.g clear glass or shallow water

37
Q

What happens when light hits a translucent material?

A

Some light maybe be reflected and light that passes through it is scattered, an image can be seen through it but it is fuzzy. E.g. Tissue paper, frosted glass

38
Q

What happens when light hits an opaque material?

A

Light is either reflected from or absorbed into the surface. No light is transmitted and no image can be seen through it. E.g brick, wood etc

39
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection

40
Q

What is the ‘normal’?

A

An imaginary line that goes through the middle of the two Rays

41
Q

What happens when a plane mirror produces an image of an object?

A

It creates a virtual image

42
Q

When does light refract?

A

When it travels through substances of different optical density

43
Q

Why does light refract?

A

Light travels at different speeds through different substances and the difference in speed results in different amounts of bending

44
Q

What happens when light enters a denser substance?

A

It bends towards the normal and slows down

45
Q

What happens when light enters a less dense substance?

A

It bends away from the normal and speeds up

46
Q

A lens that bulges outwards is called a?

A

Convex lens

47
Q

What do convex lenses do to light rays?

A

They cause the light rays to come together or converge

48
Q

Do convex lenses produce virtual or real images?

A

Real images

49
Q

What type of lens do we have in our eyes?

A

A convex lens

50
Q

A lens that curves inwards is called a?

A

Concave lens

51
Q

What do concave lenses cause light to do?

A

Diverge or spread out

52
Q

What times of images do concave lenses produce?

A

Virtual images

53
Q

What are the parts of the eye?

A

Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Sclera, Aqueous Humour, Lens, Ciliary Body, Vitreous Humour, Retina, Optic Nerve

54
Q

How does light travel through the eye?

A

It is refracted by the cornea and goes through the pupil to the lens where it is focused as a clear upside-down image onto the retina which turns in into electrical impulses and sends it to the brain via the optic nerve

55
Q

What is the function of the cornea, sclera, Iris and pupil?

A

The cornea refracts the light into the eye
The Iris enlarges and shrinks the pupil to control light flow
The pupil is a hole that determines amount of light allowed in
The sclera is the white of the eye

56
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humour, lens and ciliary body?

A

The aqueous humour is a clear liquid that separates the lens and cornea
The lens focuses the light onto the retina
The ciliary body changes the shape of the lens

57
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humour, retina and optic nerve?

A

The vitreous humour is the clear fluid between the lens and retina.
The retina converts light into electrical impulses
The optic nerve carries electrical impulses to the brain

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