Chapter 3 - Doc Je-an PPT Flashcards
• The study of bones
Osteology
The skeletal system includes the?
bones, and the cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissues that hold everything together
Functions of Bones:
- Protection of vital organs
- Giving rigidity and form to the body
- Acting as levers
- Storing minerals
- Forming the cellular elements of blood
The hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones and forms almost the entire shaft of long bones
Compact (dense or cortical) bone
• Composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network
Cancellous (spongy) bone
The spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone are usually filled with?
marrow
• The space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Marrow that are found in young animals
Red marrow
replaces the red marrow as the animal ages
Yellow marrow
The end closest epiphysis to the body is the?
proximal epiphysis
The end farthest epiphysis from the body if the?
distal epiphysis
The cylindrical shaft of a long bone between the two epiphysis
Diaphysis
Is the flared area adjacent to the epiphysis of a mature bone
Metaphysis
- A layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
- This is the only area in which a bone can lengthen
Epiphyseal cartilage or disk (physis)
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular (joint)
surface of a bone
Articular cartilage
Fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located
Periosteum
Responsible for increases in the diameter of bones
Osteoblasts (bone producing cells)
Fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity and osteonal canals (osteons) of a bone
Endosteum
(bone-destroying cells)
Osteoclasts
form an integral part of the joint and covered with articular cartilage
Articular
exist outside of joints
Non articular
includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
includes the bones of the limbs
Appendicular skeleton
- Greater in one dimension than any other
- Found in the limbs, where they provide an attachment site for limb muscles and levers for movement
- They have identifiable structural regions
Long bones
- Found only in the carpus and tarsus
- Cuboid, or approximately equal in all dimensions
Short bones
Short bones has no single marrow cavity but the interior is composed of?
spongy bone filled with marrow spaces
Short bones exterior is formed by a?
thin layer of compact bone
Short bones absorb concussion, and they are found in complex joints such as the ? , where a variety of movements as well as absorption of shock occur.
carpus (the “knee” of the thoracic limb) and tarsus (hock)
Relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions
Flat (squamous) bones
Flat bones is mostly found in the regions of the?
skull and in the ribs
Flat bones consist of two plates of compact bone, the?
lamina externa and lamina interna
Flat bones consist of two plates of compact bone, the lamina externa and lamina interna, separated by a spongy material called?
diploë
Flat (squamous) bones generally serve a?
protective or reinforcing function
- Resembles a sesame seed
- Occur along the course of tendons to reduce friction, increase leverage, or change the direction of pull
Sesamoid bones
The shape of sesamoid bones of most domestic animals have decidedly?
un-seedlike shapes
is the largest sesamoid bone
patella
- Unpaired bones on the median plane
- These bones do not fit well into any other descriptive classification
Irregular bones
Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere
Pneumatic bones