Chapter 3 (Book) Part II

Question 1

sacculus

Answer 1

another name for bacterial cell wall

cage-like structure that is porous to ions and organic molecules

Question 2

is the cell wall a single molecule?

Answer 2

yes, envelops the cell

Question 3

does the cell wall determine the cell’s shape?

Answer 3

no, it is flexible

shape depends on proteins in the cytoskeleton

Question 4

murein

Answer 4

“wall molecule”

peptidoglycan - polymer of peptide-linked amino sugars

Question 5

_________ is the target of penicillin

Answer 5

transpeptidase - enzyme that cross-links peptidoglycan

Question 6

beta-lactamase

Answer 6

found is antibiotic resistant bacteria

cleaves the lactam ring of penicillin, rendering it ineffective

Question 7

gram positive

Answer 7

thick cell wall with 3-20 layers of peptidoglycan

teichoic acids reinforce the peptidoglycan

Question 8

gram negative

Answer 8

thin cell wall with 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan

enclosed by an outer membrane

Question 9

capsule

Answer 9

slippery capsule of polysacchairde

mostly gram pos, some gram neg

Question 10

s-layer (surface layer)

Answer 10

additional protective crystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein

has pore that let molecules through

Question 11

mycobacterial cell envelopes

Answer 11

have weird membrane lipids called mycolic acids

hydrophobic waxy surface deters antibiotics and phagocytosis

Question 12

mycobacterial cell wall

Answer 12

peptidoglycan linked to galactose

Question 13

purpose of gram negative outer membrane

Answer 13

defensive abilities and toxigenic properties

Question 14

gram negative layers

Answer 14

outer membrane

periplasm - where peptidoglycan is

inner membrane (cell membrane)

Question 15

inner leaflet of outer membrane

Answer 15

phospholipid composition like a cell membrane

murein lipoprotein/Braun lipoprotein connects outer memb. to cell wall

if mutation in murein lipoprotein, can’t attach to cell wall so the outer memb. balloons out where the daughter cells separate

Question 16

outer leaflet of outer membrane

Answer 16

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with shorter FA chains

LPS acts as an endotoxin

Question 17

endotoxin

Answer 17

a harmless substance that is released when lysed

causes endotoxic shock

Question 18

outer membrane proteins

Answer 18

porin transporters that permit the entry of nutrients like sugars and proteins

Question 19

periplasm

Answer 19

found btw inner and outer memb.

has enzymes and nutrient transporters for aa, sugar, or nutrients

Question 20

4 cellular compartments of a gram neg

Answer 20

outer memb, periplasm, inner memb. cytoplasm

Question 21

contractile vacuole

Answer 21

a pump that prevents osmotic shock in eukaryotes without a cell wall

Question 22

3 bacterial cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 22

FtsZ

MreB

CreS

Question 23

FtsZ

Answer 23

forms a Z-ring in spherical bacteria (cocci)

in rods, determines cell diameter

Question 24

MreB

Answer 24

helical coil in rod shaped bacteria that elongates it

Question 25

CreS

Answer 25

cresentin found in curved bacteria

Question 26

DNA is organized in the ________ region

Answer 26

nucleoid in loops called domains

Question 27

origin of replication

Answer 27

where DNA polymerase starts synthesis bidirectionally

Question 28

rifampin blocks...

Answer 28

RNA synthesis

Question 29

tetracycline blocks....

Answer 29

tRNA by binding 30S subunit

Question 30

erythromycin blocks...

Answer 30

peptide elongation by binding 50S subunit

Question 31

polysome

Answer 31

a polyribosome mRNA with multiple ribosomes attached

Question 32

transertion

Answer 32

coupling of transcription and translation to membrane insertion uses a signal recognition particle

Question 33

cell division is called

Answer 33

fission

Question 34

is DNA replicated bidirectionally?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

replisome

Answer 35

complex of DNA polymerase with accessory proteins replicates leading and lagging strands

Question 36

________ completes cell division

Answer 36

septation - grows inward from the sides of the cell and constricts off the 2 daughter cells

Question 37

what triggers growth of the septum (dividing partition of the envelope)

Answer 37

replication of the DNA termination site

Question 38

spatial orientation of septation has a key role in determining the shape and arrangement of _____

Answer 38

cocci

Question 39

spatial orientations of septation

Answer 39

parallel planes - streptococci chains random - staphylococci right angles - tetrads or sarcinae

Question 40

in rod shaped cells, cell division requires the envelope to ________ before septation

Answer 40

elongate

Question 41

cell expansion and septation are coordinated with ____ ________

Answer 41

DNA replication

Question 42

polar aging

Answer 42

in rod shaped bacteria, the poles differ in age

Question 43

thylakoid

Answer 43

in photosynthetic bacteria extra folded intracellular membrane with rubisco

Question 44

gas vesicel

Answer 44

in aquatic and marine phototrophs increases buoyancy

Question 45

during times of starvation, phototrophs may digest their _________ for energy and as a source of nitrogen

Answer 45

thylakoids

Question 46

sulfur storage granule

Answer 46

used to store sulfur

Question 47

magnetosome

Answer 47

membrane embedded crystals of magnetite, a magnetic mineral can align along a magnetic field

Question 48

magnetic bacteria are anaerobes

Answer 48

they can move toward magnetic north where there is less oxygen

Question 49

pili/fimbriae

Answer 49

adherence structure made of the protein pilin

Question 50

sex pili

Answer 50

attach a male donor to a female recipient in conjugation

Question 51

stalk

Answer 51

attachment structure of extended cytoplasm tip secretes holdfast adhesion factors

Question 52

nanotubes

Answer 52

extensions of cell envelope that connect cytoplasm/periplasm between 2 different cells for nutrient transfer

Question 53

motility

Answer 53

the ability to move and rotate

Question 54

flagella

Answer 54

helical propellers that drive the cell forward spiral filament of flagellin basal body is the motor embedded in cell envelope...requires energy

Question 55

chemotaxis

Answer 55

movement driven by a chemical gradient CCW and CW tumbles and random walk