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Microbiology > Chapter 3 (Book) Part II > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Book) Part II Flashcards

1
Q

sacculus

A

another name for bacterial cell wall

cage-like structure that is porous to ions and organic molecules

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2
Q

is the cell wall a single molecule?

A

yes, envelops the cell

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3
Q

does the cell wall determine the cell’s shape?

A

no, it is flexible

shape depends on proteins in the cytoskeleton

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4
Q

murein

A

“wall molecule”

peptidoglycan - polymer of peptide-linked amino sugars

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5
Q

_________ is the target of penicillin

A

transpeptidase - enzyme that cross-links peptidoglycan

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6
Q

beta-lactamase

A

found is antibiotic resistant bacteria

cleaves the lactam ring of penicillin, rendering it ineffective

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7
Q

gram positive

A

thick cell wall with 3-20 layers of peptidoglycan

teichoic acids reinforce the peptidoglycan

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8
Q

gram negative

A

thin cell wall with 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan

enclosed by an outer membrane

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9
Q

capsule

A

slippery capsule of polysacchairde

mostly gram pos, some gram neg

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10
Q

s-layer (surface layer)

A

additional protective crystalline layer of protein or glycoprotein

has pore that let molecules through

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11
Q

mycobacterial cell envelopes

A

have weird membrane lipids called mycolic acids

hydrophobic waxy surface deters antibiotics and phagocytosis

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12
Q

mycobacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan linked to galactose

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13
Q

purpose of gram negative outer membrane

A

defensive abilities and toxigenic properties

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14
Q

gram negative layers

A

outer membrane

periplasm - where peptidoglycan is

inner membrane (cell membrane)

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15
Q

inner leaflet of outer membrane

A

phospholipid composition like a cell membrane

murein lipoprotein/Braun lipoprotein connects outer memb. to cell wall

if mutation in murein lipoprotein, can’t attach to cell wall so the outer memb. balloons out where the daughter cells separate

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16
Q

outer leaflet of outer membrane

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with shorter FA chains

LPS acts as an endotoxin

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17
Q

endotoxin

A

a harmless substance that is released when lysed

causes endotoxic shock

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18
Q

outer membrane proteins

A

porin transporters that permit the entry of nutrients like sugars and proteins

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19
Q

periplasm

A

found btw inner and outer memb.

has enzymes and nutrient transporters for aa, sugar, or nutrients

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20
Q

4 cellular compartments of a gram neg

A

outer memb, periplasm, inner memb. cytoplasm

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21
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a pump that prevents osmotic shock in eukaryotes without a cell wall

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22
Q

3 bacterial cytoskeleton proteins

A

FtsZ

MreB

CreS

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23
Q

FtsZ

A

forms a Z-ring in spherical bacteria (cocci)

in rods, determines cell diameter

24
Q

MreB

A

helical coil in rod shaped bacteria that elongates it

25
Q

CreS

A

cresentin found in curved bacteria

26
Q

DNA is organized in the ________ region

A

nucleoid

in loops called domains

27
Q

origin of replication

A

where DNA polymerase starts synthesis bidirectionally

28
Q

rifampin blocks…

A

RNA synthesis

29
Q

tetracycline blocks….

A

tRNA by binding 30S subunit

30
Q

erythromycin blocks…

A

peptide elongation by binding 50S subunit

31
Q

polysome

A

a polyribosome

mRNA with multiple ribosomes attached

32
Q

transertion

A

coupling of transcription and translation to membrane insertion

uses a signal recognition particle

33
Q

cell division is called

A

fission

34
Q

is DNA replicated bidirectionally?

A

yes

35
Q

replisome

A

complex of DNA polymerase with accessory proteins

replicates leading and lagging strands

36
Q

________ completes cell division

A

septation - grows inward from the sides of the cell and constricts off the 2 daughter cells

37
Q

what triggers growth of the septum (dividing partition of the envelope)

A

replication of the DNA termination site

38
Q

spatial orientation of septation has a key role in determining the shape and arrangement of _____

A

cocci

39
Q

spatial orientations of septation

A

parallel planes - streptococci chains

random - staphylococci

right angles - tetrads or sarcinae

40
Q

in rod shaped cells, cell division requires the envelope to ________ before septation

A

elongate

41
Q

cell expansion and septation are coordinated with ____ ________

A

DNA replication

42
Q

polar aging

A

in rod shaped bacteria, the poles differ in age

43
Q

thylakoid

A

in photosynthetic bacteria

extra folded intracellular membrane with rubisco

44
Q

gas vesicel

A

in aquatic and marine phototrophs

increases buoyancy

45
Q

during times of starvation, phototrophs may digest their _________ for energy and as a source of nitrogen

A

thylakoids

46
Q

sulfur storage granule

A

used to store sulfur

47
Q

magnetosome

A

membrane embedded crystals of magnetite, a magnetic mineral

can align along a magnetic field

48
Q

magnetic bacteria are anaerobes

A

they can move toward magnetic north where there is less oxygen

49
Q

pili/fimbriae

A

adherence structure made of the protein pilin

50
Q

sex pili

A

attach a male donor to a female recipient in conjugation

51
Q

stalk

A

attachment structure of extended cytoplasm

tip secretes holdfast adhesion factors

52
Q

nanotubes

A

extensions of cell envelope that connect cytoplasm/periplasm between 2 different cells for nutrient transfer

53
Q

motility

A

the ability to move and rotate

54
Q

flagella

A

helical propellers that drive the cell forward

spiral filament of flagellin

basal body is the motor embedded in cell envelope…requires energy

55
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement driven by a chemical gradient

CCW and CW tumbles and random walk

Microbiology (19 decks)

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