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Microbiology > Chapter 13 (Book) Intro & Energy Carriers/e- Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (Book) Intro & Energy Carriers/e- Transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the energy to build cells comes from _______ _______

A

chemical reactions

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2
Q

enzymes direct the transfer of energy onto _______ such as ___

A

carriers, ATP

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3
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones to yield energy

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4
Q

organotrophy

A

organic compounds donate e- to yield energy

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5
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that uses preformed organic compounds for biosynthesis

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6
Q

lithotrophy

A

inorganic compounds donate e- to yield energy

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7
Q

phototrophy

A

light absorption provides e- to yield energy

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8
Q

photoautotrophy vs. photoheterotrophy

A

photoautotrohpy: light absorption drives CO2 fixation
photoheterotrophy: light absorption w/o CO2 fixation

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9
Q

anabolism

A

building larger molecules from smaller ones

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10
Q

definition of energy

A

the ability to do work

ex. flagellar propulsion, maintain ion gradients

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11
Q

entropy

A

the disorder/randomness of the universe

always increasing

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12
Q

ultimately, the cell’s energy is spent as _____

A

heat

ex. compost pile 60C

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13
Q

Gibbs free energy change (deltaG)

A

deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS

predicts whether a reaction will go forward

shows much much energy is potentially available to do work

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14
Q

negative vs. positive deltaG

A

negative: the reaction will go forward
positive: the reaction goes in reverse

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15
Q

enthalpy deltaH

A

heat energy absorbed or released

negative: released
positive: absorbed

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16
Q

entropy deltaS

A

negative: decrease in entropy
positive: increase in entropy

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17
Q

do we want deltaS to be negative or positive?

A

positive so it makes deltaG more negative

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18
Q

in general a reaction yields energy for the cell if 2 things

A

products are more stable than reactants

entropy increases

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19
Q

calorimeter

A

measures amount of energy (heat) released by a reactions

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20
Q

intrinsic properties of the reaction that affect deltaG

A

enthalpy

entropy

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21
Q

concentrations/environmental factors that affect deltaG

A

excess reactants makes deltaG more neg

temp, pressure, ionic strengths

22
Q

deltaG not prime standard conditions

A

298K (25C)

1 atm

1M (molar concentrations)

23
Q

the ______ of energy change is central to all living metabolism

A

additivity

coupling an energy-yielding rxn to an energy-spending one

24
Q

how is deltaG related to deltaG not

A

delta G = deltaG not + RTln[products]/[reactants]

R = 8.315x10^-3 kj/(mol*K)

25
Q

what is deltaG at equilibrium

A

0

26
Q

syntrophy

A

metabolic relationship between two species

near-zero anaerobic pathways

27
Q

the random distribution of molecules at steady concentration represents the state of greatest _______

A

entropy

28
Q

entropy favors movement of nutrients from ______ to _______ concentration

A

higher, lower

diffusion

29
Q

in most environments the concentration of nutrients outside the cell is lower than inside the cell…

A

so the cell must use energy to transport nutrients into the cell, lowering entropy

30
Q

3 energy carriers

A

ATP

NADH

FADH2

31
Q

what are energy carriers

A

molecules that gain and release small amounts of energy in reversible reactions

transfer energy

32
Q

electron donor

A

a molecule that donates electrons to another molecules

aka. reducing agent

33
Q

electron acceptor

A

a molecule that accepts electrons

aka. oxidizing agent

34
Q

3 parts of ATP

A

base (adenine)

sugar (ribose)

3 phosphates

35
Q

ATP complexes with ___

A

Mg2+

partially neutralizes negative charges of ATP phosphates to stabilize

36
Q

ATP is formed from ADP by __________

A

phosphorylation

ADP + Pi + H+ –> ATP + H2O deltaGnot prime = 31 kj/mol

37
Q

3 ways ATP can transfer energy to cell processes

A

hydrolysis of Pi

hydrolysis of PPi –> 2Pi

phosphorylation of an organic molecule

38
Q

phosphotransferase system (PTS)

A

couple phosphorylation of a sugar to its transport across the cell membrane

39
Q

how much ATP is made through complete oxidation of glucose

A

38 ATP

40
Q

how efficient is complete oxidation of glucose

A

40-50%

41
Q

what does NADH stand for and what is it used for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

carry e- from breakdown products of glucose

42
Q

why is NAD+ relatively stable

A

aromatic ring delocalizes e-

43
Q

electron transport system/chain (ETS)

A

stores energy from e- transfer as an ion gradient across the cell membrane or an organelle

enables production of ATP, motility, nutrient transport

44
Q

terminal electron acceptor

A

e- are transferred to this, and the product leaves the cell

45
Q

3 reasons why different reactions use different e- carriers

A

different redox levels

different amounts of energy

regulation and specificity

46
Q

what is the rate of a reaction determined by

A

activation energy (Ea)

47
Q

what is activation energy

A

the input energy required to generate the high-energy transition state on the way to products

48
Q

catalyst

A

an agent that lowers Ea and isn’t consumed by the rxn

49
Q

enzyme

A

a protein catalyst that lowers Ea by bringing substrates close to each other and correctly orienting them

50
Q

allosteric site

A

site on an enzyme that is not the substrate binding site

binding induces a conformational change that increases the rate of the rxn

51
Q

what is the direction of catalysis of an enzyme dependenton

A

the concentrations of reactants and products

the presence of absence of allosteric regulators

Microbiology (19 decks)

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