Chapter 3 (Book) Part I Flashcards
3 domains
bacteria
eukaryotes
archaea
bacterial cells are remarkable for their ______ size and ________ growth
small, efficient
bacteria coordinate DNA replication through 2 things
DNA replisome
cell fission ring
3 overall tasks of cells
outcompete others for nutrients
protect itself from toxins/predators
reproduce
bacateria share 3 traits
thick, complex outer envelope
compact genome
tightly coordinated cell functions
what does the outer envelope of a bacteria do
protection from environmental stress
mediates exchange with the environment
compact genome of bacteria
relatively little noncoding DNA
maximize production of cells from limited resources
purpose of tightly coordinated functions
may allow for a high reproduction rate
are archaea prokaryotes?
yes
what 2 uniquely adapted structures do archaea have that allow them to survive in extreme environments
membrane
envelope
do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membranous organelles?
yes
which organelles evolved by endosymbiosis with engulfed bacteria?
mitochondria
chloroplasts
both in eukaryotic cells
membrane/envelope layer oder of E. coli from outside to inside
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) –> outer membrane –> cell wall –> periplasm –> inner membrane (cell membrane)
what does the cytoplasm contain and what is it like
gel-like network
contains proteins and macromolecules
enclosed by a cell membrane
in Gram-neg bacteria, what is the cell membrane called
the “inner membrane” to distinguish it from the additional outer membrane
what is the inner membrane composed on
phospholipids
transporter proteins
other molecules
what does the inner membrane do
prevent cytoplasmic proteins from escaping
maintain ion/nutrient gradients
where is the cell wall
between inner and outer membranes
what is the call wall, what does it do
a cage-like structure made of polysaccharides covalently linked by peptidoglycan
forms a single molecule surrounding the cell
limits expansion of cytoplasm to keep the cell membrane intact when water flows in
resulting turgor pressure from the cell wall makes the cell _____
rigid
periplasm
aqueous layer containing proteins
ex. sugar-binding proteins
what is the outer membrane made of
phospholipids and LPS
lipopolysaccharide
class of lipid attached to long polysaccharide chains
the LPS layer may be surrounded by a thick ______
capsule
slippery mucous layer that inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages