Chapter 3 (Book) Part I

Question 1

3 domains

Answer 1

bacteria

eukaryotes

archaea

Question 2

bacterial cells are remarkable for their ______ size and ________ growth

Answer 2

small, efficient

Question 3

bacteria coordinate DNA replication through 2 things

Answer 3

DNA replisome

cell fission ring

Question 4

3 overall tasks of cells

Answer 4

outcompete others for nutrients

protect itself from toxins/predators

reproduce

Question 5

bacateria share 3 traits

Answer 5

thick, complex outer envelope

compact genome

tightly coordinated cell functions

Question 6

what does the outer envelope of a bacteria do

Answer 6

protection from environmental stress

mediates exchange with the environment

Question 7

compact genome of bacteria

Answer 7

relatively little noncoding DNA

maximize production of cells from limited resources

Question 8

purpose of tightly coordinated functions

Answer 8

may allow for a high reproduction rate

Question 9

are archaea prokaryotes?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what 2 uniquely adapted structures do archaea have that allow them to survive in extreme environments

Answer 10

membrane

envelope

Question 11

do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membranous organelles?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

which organelles evolved by endosymbiosis with engulfed bacteria?

Answer 12

mitochondria

chloroplasts

both in eukaryotic cells

Question 13

membrane/envelope layer oder of E. coli from outside to inside

Answer 13

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) –> outer membrane –> cell wall –> periplasm –> inner membrane (cell membrane)

Question 14

what does the cytoplasm contain and what is it like

Answer 14

gel-like network

contains proteins and macromolecules

enclosed by a cell membrane

Question 15

in Gram-neg bacteria, what is the cell membrane called

Answer 15

the “inner membrane” to distinguish it from the additional outer membrane

Question 16

what is the inner membrane composed on

Answer 16

phospholipids

transporter proteins

other molecules

Question 17

what does the inner membrane do

Answer 17

prevent cytoplasmic proteins from escaping

maintain ion/nutrient gradients

Question 18

where is the cell wall

Answer 18

between inner and outer membranes

Question 19

what is the call wall, what does it do

Answer 19

a cage-like structure made of polysaccharides covalently linked by peptidoglycan

forms a single molecule surrounding the cell

limits expansion of cytoplasm to keep the cell membrane intact when water flows in

Question 20

resulting turgor pressure from the cell wall makes the cell _____

Answer 20

rigid

Question 21

periplasm

Answer 21

aqueous layer containing proteins

ex. sugar-binding proteins

Question 22

what is the outer membrane made of

Answer 22

phospholipids and LPS

Question 23

lipopolysaccharide

Answer 23

class of lipid attached to long polysaccharide chains

Question 24

the LPS layer may be surrounded by a thick ______

Answer 24

capsule

slippery mucous layer that inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 25

what 2 structures make up the envelope

Answer 25

cell wall outer membrane

Question 26

does the envelope have the cell-surface proteins that allow the bacteria to interact with host organisms?

Answer 26

yes ex. E. coli cell-surface proteins help it colonize human intestinal epithelium

Question 27

flagellum

Answer 27

helical protein filament has a rotary motor that propels the cell to search for a better environment

Question 28

what provides internal attachment points for 1+ chromosomes

Answer 28

cell membrane/cell envelope

Question 29

nucleoid

Answer 29

a system of looped coils of chromosome located in cytoplasm not membrane-bound

Question 30

sequence of turning DNA --> protein

Answer 30

DNA from nucleoid transcribed by RNA polymerase to mRNA, tRNA, rRNA mRNA transcripts bind ribosomes (polyribosomes) to start synthesizing proteins chaperones (protein complex) helps proteins fold into the right conformation

Question 31

what is a limitation of cell fractionation

Answer 31

doesn't provide info about the processes of an intact cell

Question 32

what is genetic analysis

Answer 32

make a mutant strain that doesn't function right the phenotype of the mutant gives clues about the function of the altered part

Question 33

4 common chemical components shared by all cells

Answer 33

water essential ions small organic molecules macromolecules

Question 34

water is the fundamental _______ of life

Answer 34

solvent

Question 35

3 essential ions

Answer 35

potassium magnesium chloride ions

Question 36

what are small organic molecules

Answer 36

lipids and sugars that are in membranes and provide nutrition by catabolism (breakdown)

Question 37

macromolecules

Answer 37

nucleic acids and proteins contain info, catalyze rxns, mediate transport

Question 38

cell composition varies with what 3 things

Answer 38

species growth phase environmental conditions

Question 39

relative biochemical composition

Answer 39

70% water 16% protein 6% RNA 3% phospholipids

Question 40

polyamine

Answer 40

organic cation with multiple amine groups balance neg charge of DNA and stabilize ribosomes during translation

Question 41

protenome

Answer 41

proteins expressed by a cell under given conditions

Question 42

2D PAGE

Answer 42

separate cell contents by pH separate cell by size

Question 43

what are examples of the most highly expressed proteins

Answer 43

ribosomes translation factors outer memb proteins

Question 44

why is high nucleic acid content (8% in E. coli) advantageous for microbes

Answer 44

allows the cell to maximize reproduction of its chromosome minimizing resources for protein-rich cytoplasm

Question 45

peptidoglycan

Answer 45

organic polymer of peptide-linked sugars 1% of cell mass found in bacterial cell wall

Question 46

what does 1% investment of cell mass toward peptidoglycan mean

Answer 46

importance of maintaining turgor pressure in dilute environments (cell wall) otherwise water would enter by osmosis and cause osmotic shock

Question 47

2 functions of cell membrane

Answer 47

contain cytoplasm and mediate transport has proteins with specific functions like enzymes and signal receptors

Question 48

most membrane lipids are __________

Answer 48

phospholipids charged phosphate head on outside of bilayer hydrophobic tail on inside of bilayer

Question 49

phospholipid structure

Answer 49

glycerol with ester links to 2 FA negative phosphoryl polar head

Question 50

4 functions of membrane proteins

Answer 50

structural support signal reception secretion of virulence factors and communication signals ion transport / energy storage

Question 51

structural membrane proteins 3 functions

Answer 51

anchor layers of the cell envelope attach to cytoskeleton secure flagella

Question 52

secretory membrane proteins

Answer 52

complexes export toxins and signals across the envelope

Question 53

transport membrane proteins

Answer 53

maintain ion gradients

Question 54

what molecules can passively diffuse

Answer 54

O2, CO2, H2O small uncharged molecules

Question 55

most cells maintain a concentration of total solutes that is higher ______ the cell than _______

Answer 55

inside, outside

Question 56

osmosis

Answer 56

water moving from purest water (least solutes) to impure areas (most solutes)

Question 57

osmotic pressure

Answer 57

pressure on the cell membrane from the influx of water can burst/lyse the cell penicillin does this

Question 58

membrane-permanent weak acids and bases

Answer 58

cross the membrane in uncharged form and reduce acid or alkali stress

Question 59

ion gradient

Answer 59

can store energy for nutrition or drive transport of other molecules

Question 60

cardiolipin and environmental stress

Answer 60

a membrane phosphatidate that increases in bacteria in response to starvation accumulates in patches and bind stress proteins like transporters for osmoprotectants if the cell is under osmotic stress

Question 61

cholesterol is found in ________ and ________ are found in bacteria

Answer 61

eukaryotes, hopanoids both are still and reinforce the membrane

Question 62

why are archaeal membranes unique

Answer 62

no ester bonds, instead have ether bonds which are more stable have isoprene hydrocarbon chains (terprenoids)