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Microbiology > Ch 14.4-14.6 (Book) > Flashcards

Ch 14.4-14.6 (Book) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

obligate aerobe

A

bacteria that only grow using O2 as the TEA

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2
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

using TEA other than O2

ex. nitrogen, sulfur, metal, chlorinated organics

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3
Q

E. coli different terminal oxidoreductases

A

allow reduction of alternative TEA

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4
Q

trimethylamine

A

causes fishy odor

reduced by bacteria

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5
Q

are there different initial substrate oxidoreductases?

A

yes, receive e- from different organic donors

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6
Q

do bacteria use the strongest e- donor and strongest acceptors available?

A

yes

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7
Q

which type of bacteria often utilize nitrogen and sulfur

A

soil bacteria

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8
Q

dissimilatory denitrification

A

reduction of nitrogen for energy yield

ammonia used for respiration

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9
Q

assimilatory nitrification

A

reduction of nitrate to ammonia for building biomass

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10
Q

sequence of nitrate reduction

A

nitrate –> nitrite –> nitric oxide –> nitrous oxide –> nitrogen gas

or nitrate –> ammonia + water

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11
Q

sequence of sulfur reduction

A

sulfate –> sulfite –> thiosulfate –> sulfur –> hydrogen sulfate

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12
Q

dissimilatory metal reduction

A

reducing metals as TEA

can be used for making electricity in a battery

ex. iron, magnesium

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13
Q

reduced minerals and single-carbon compounds serve as e- donors to the ETS in which type of metabolism?

A

lithotrophy/chemolithotrophy

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14
Q

is the TEA in lithotrophy a strong oxidant?

A

yes because most inorganic substrates are poor e- donors compared to glucose

TEA ex. O2, NO3-, Fe3+

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15
Q

obligate lithotroph

A

consume no organic carbon source

build biomass by fixing CO2

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16
Q

iron oxidation lithotrophy

A

reduced metal ions like Fe2+ get oxidized to provide energy

this generates metals with higher oxidation states (Fe3+) that other bacteria use for anaerobic respiration

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17
Q

where does iron oxidation happen

A

low pH like in mines where other microbes oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid

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18
Q

rusticyanin

A

a periplasmic protein that collects e- and excludes the metal itself

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19
Q

reverse electron flow

A

an e- donor reduces an ETS with an unfavorable reduction potential using deltapH as energy source

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20
Q

nitrogen oxidation lithotrophy pathway

A

ammonium –> hydroxylamine –> nitrite –> nitrate

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21
Q

reduced forms of nitrogen like ammonium derived from fertilizers support the growth of _______

A

nitrifiers

22
Q

nitrifiers

A

bacteria that generate nitrites or nitrates

produces acid that degrades envir. quality –> leech into groundwater

23
Q

are ammonia/ammonium and nitrite good e- donors compared to organic molecules?

A

no, requires making NADPH (instead of NADH) via reverse e- flow

24
Q

anammox reaction

A

anaerobic ammonium oxidation NH4 + NO2 –> N2 + H2O

used in wastewater treatment to eliminate ammonium

in the ocean, these bacteria cycle 1/2 N2 gas

25
Q

anammoxosome

A

organelle containing anammox rxn enzymes

26
Q

sulfur oxidation produces…

A

sulfuric acid which causes severe envir. acidification

27
Q

leeching

A

microbial metal dissolution from ores

28
Q

hydrogenotrophy uses __ as an e- donor

A

H2

ex. oxidation of H2 by sulfur to make H2S

29
Q

is H2 is strong e- donor?

A

yes, more so than glucose

30
Q

3 classifications of hydrogenotrophy depending on what H2 reduces

A

O2 = lithotrophy

organic TEA = fermentation or anaerobic respiration

sulfur = anaerobic lithotrophy

31
Q

dehalorespiration

A

hydrogenotrophy that bioremediates areas

halogenated organic molecules accept e- from H2

ex. chlorinated moelcules

32
Q

methanogenesis

A

reduction of CO2 and other 1c compounds to methane

done by archaea called methanogens

33
Q

methanogenesis and methylotrophy

A

methanogens make methane and methylotrophs (soil bacteria) uses it for oxidation

34
Q

phototrophy

A

converting light energy to chemical energy using photoexcitation or pigments

35
Q

bacteriorhodopsin protein in haloarchaea membrane

A

light-driven photoexcitation and relaxation pumps protons

absorb light –> conformational change to cis and pump H+

archaea version of retinal-based proton pump

36
Q

halobacterium salinarium archaea purple membrane

A

pack entire membrane with bacteriorhodopsin

protein trimers make purple membrane

37
Q

proteorhodopsin

A

bacteria version of retinal-based proton pump

found in 13% of marine bacteria using metagenomics

38
Q

retinal

A

cofactor that in bacteriorhodopsin attached to N end of lys

39
Q

photoheterotrophy

A

light absoprtion and heterotrophy

40
Q

how are light rays captured

A

spreading the pigment photoreceptor that absorbs them over the surface of the membrane

41
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment that contains a chromophore light absorbing e- carrier

many types alter absorption spectra

42
Q

antenna complex

A

group of chlorophyll like a satellite dish around a reaction center that connects to ETC

43
Q

antenna complex of cyanobacteria

A

phycobilisome

44
Q

thylakoids

A

extensive foldings of photosynthetic membrane

F1F0 embedded here

45
Q

anaerobic photosystem I

A

receives e- from H2S or iron

green sulfur bacteria

46
Q

anaerobic photosystem II

A

returns e- from ETS to bacteriochlorophyll

purple bacteria

47
Q

oxygenic Z pathway

A

homologs of PSI and PSII

cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of green plants

4e- from H2O to make O2

48
Q

PSI pathway

A

excited e- separated from H2S or Fe and transferred to feredoxin (higher reduction potential)

make NADH and fix CO2

49
Q

PSII pathway

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

not enough E to make NADH, makes NADPH using reverse e- flow

50
Q

oxygenic Z pathway

A

PSII rxn provides E to split water and make O2

4 H+ pumped and 3 ATP/O2 made

e- from PSII cycle to PSI by plastocyanin and make NADH

Microbiology (19 decks)

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