Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training Flashcards
Energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic
Exergonic Reactions
Require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of the muscle.
Endergonic reactions
The total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.
Metabolism
Allows the the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The chemical structure of adenosine:
Adenine + Ribose
The chemical structure of an ATP molecule:
Adenosine and Triphosphate Group
The hydrolysis of ATP:
Breaks the terminal phosphate bond, releases energy and leaves ADP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and a hydrogen ion (H+)
The hydrolysis of ADP:
Breaks the terminal phosphate bond, releases energy, and leaves AMP, Pi, and H+
Glycolysis from one molecule of blood glucose yields a net of ____ ATP.
Two
Glycolysis from muscle glycogen yields a net of ____ ATP molecules.
Three
Glycolysis is stimulated by:
- ↑ ADP
- ↑ Pi
- ↑ Ammonia
- ↓ pH
- ↓ AMP
Glycolysis is inhibited by:
- ↓↓ pH
- ↓ ATP
- ↓ CP
- ↓ Citrate
- ↓ Free Fatty Acids
Rate Limiting Enzymes of Glycolysis:
- Hexokinase
- Phosphofructokinase
- Pyruvate Kinase
True/False
Lactate threshold is used as a marker of anaerobic threshold.
True
The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration.
Lactate Threshold
The lactate threshold begins at ____% to _____% of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals.
50-60%
The lactate threshold begins at ____% to _____% of maximal oxygen uptake in trained athletes.
70-80%
The second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation.
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
OBLA occurs at _______ relative intensities.
Higher
OBLA occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches ___ mmol/L.
4
During protein oxidation, protein is broken down into amino acids and amino acids are converted into: (3)
- Glucose
- Pyruvate
- Various Krebs cycle intermediates
The rate of the Krebs cycle is reduced if ____ and ____ are not available in sufficient quantities to accept H+.
NAD+ and FAD2+
The electron transport chain is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by _____.
ADP; ATP
Effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used:
0-6 Seconds
Extremely high intensity, Phosphagen
Effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used:
6-30 Seconds
Very high intensity, phosphagen and fast glycolysis
Effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used:
30 Seconds - 2 Minutes
High Intensity; Fast Glycolysis
Effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used:
2-3 Minutes
Moderate Intensity; Fast Glycolysis and Oxidative System
Effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used:
> 3 Minutes
Low Intensity; Oxidative System
Ranking of Rate of ATP Production
Phosphagen
Fast Glycolysis
Slow Glycolysis
Oxidation of CHO
Oxidation of Fats/Protein
Phosphagen - 1
Fast Glycolysis - 2
Slow Glycolysis - 3
Oxidation of CHO - 4
Oxidation of Fats/Protein - 5
Ranking of Capacity of ATP Production
Phosphagen
Fast Glycolysis
Slow Glycolysis
Oxidation of CHO
Oxidation of Fats/Protein
Phosphagen - 5
Fast Glycolysis - 4
Slow Glycolysis - 3
Oxidation of CHO - 2
Oxidation of Fats/Protein - 1
The extent to which each of the three energy systems contributes to ATP production depends primarily on the _______ of muscular activity and secondarily on the ________.
Intensity; Duration
What are the factors responsible for Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption?
- Replenishment of oxygen in blood andmuscle.
- ATP/CP resynthesis
- Increased body temperature, circulation, and ventilation
- Increased rate of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling
- Increased protein turnover
- Changes in energy efficiency during recovery
Work to Rest: Phosphagen
1:12-1:20
Work to Rest: Fast Glycolysis
1:3-1:5
Work to Rest: Fast Glycolysis and Oxidative
1:3-1:4
Work to Rest: Oxiative
1:1-1:3
