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DAT Biology > Chapter 3- Aerobic Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Aerobic Cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A
  • phosphorylates ADP into ATP by breaking down glucose and moving electrons (oxidation and reduction reactions)
  • breaks down glucose into 38 ATPs
  • 4 catabolic processes:
    1. Glycolysis
    2. Pyruvate manipulations
    3. Krebs cycle
    4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • glucose → 2ATP + 2NADH + 2pyruvate
  • occurs in the cytosol
  • anaerobic (does not require oxygen), it is used in fermentation also!
  • extracts and uses high-energy electrons as glucose is broken down, to reduce NAD+ into NADH, which may travel to ETC for more ATP production.
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3
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

-transfers a phosphate group to ADP and generates ATP in glycolysis

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4
Q

GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

A

-RNA nucleoside triphosphate like ATP

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5
Q

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

A

-electron carrying coenzyme like NAD+

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6
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic pathway to oxidize NADH back to NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue to make ATP.

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7
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A
  • regenerates NAD⁺ from NADH by reducing pyruvate into lactic acid.
  • NADH transfers electron to pyruvate regenerating NAD+. This forms lactic acid/lactate
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8
Q

Cori Cycle

A
  • converts lactate back to glucose when oxygen is available again.
  • transports lactate from the myocyte (muslces) through the bloodstream to hepatocytes (liver cells).
  • Lactate can then oxidize back into pyruvate which can form glucose through gluconeogensis.
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9
Q

Gluconeogensis

A
  • creates new glucose from pyruvate
  • energy investment of 6 ATP is required
  • Glucose is broken down as oxygen is available again
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10
Q

Hepatocytes (liver cells)

A
  • contain an enzyme that undoes hexokinase reaction of glycolysis
  • Liver is the only organ that can release glucose into the bloodstream.
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11
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A
  • it regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to make 2 ATPs, similar to lactic acid ferm.
  • However, electrons from NADH will not reduce the pyruvate
  • Instead, pyruvate is decarboxylated to lose carbon as CO2.
  • Left over molecule acetaldehyde will be reduced by NADH into ethanol, which oxidizes NAD+.
  • Done by Yeast and produces ethanol found in alcohol.
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12
Q

Glycolysis (look at written notes for details)

A

-converts glucose into 2 pyruvates + 2ATP + NADH

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13
Q

Pyruvate manipulation (look at written notes for details)

A

-converts 2 pyruvates into 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

Krebs Cycle (look at written notes for details)

A

-converts 2 acetyl CoA into 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH + 2GTP

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15
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (look at written notes for details)

A

-converts electron carries NADH and FADH into ATP and H2O

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16
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

-only perform aerobic
respiration, need
oxygen to survive.

17
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

-only undergo anaerobic

respiration, will die in presence of oxygen

18
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

-can do aerobic, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation
-prefers aerobic respiration
because it generates the most ATP.

19
Q

Microaerophiles

A
  • only perform aerobic respiration

- but high amount of oxygen is harmful to them

20
Q

Aerotolerant organisms

A

-only undergo
anaerobic respiration or fermentation, but
oxygen is not poisonous to them.

21
Q

Alternative Sources of Energy Generation

A
  • other types of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be modified to enter cellular respiration at various stages for energy generation.
  • carbohydrates are the preferred energy source since they are easily catabolized and are high yield (4kcal/gram)
22
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

-the release of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen, a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose.

-Disaccharides
can undergo hydrolysis to release two carbohydrate monomers, which can enter glycolysis.

23
Q

Glycogensis

A

-the conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver when energy and fuel is sufficient.

24
Q

Fats as source of energy generation

A
  • present in the body as triglycerides
  • Lipase enzyme digest fats into free fatty acids and alcohols through process of lipolysis.
  • the digested parts are then absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine and reform triglycerides.
25
Q

Adipocytes

A

-cells that store fat (triglycerides)
-have hormone-sensitive lipase enzymes to help release triglycerides back into circulation as
lipoproteins or as free fatty acids bound by a
protein called albumin.

26
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  • are lipoprotein transport structures formed by the fusing of triglycerides with proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
  • They leave enterocytes and enter lacteals. (small lymphatic vessels that take fats to the rest of the body)
27
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

-low density of proteins, unhealthy because they transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues, causing vessel blockage.

28
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

-high density
of proteins, healthy because they bring
cholesterol to the liver to make bile.

29
Q

Glycerol in the liver

A

-can be converted to enter glycolysis or make new glucose via gluconeogensis in the liver.

30
Q

Free fatty acids

A

-undergo beta-oxidation to be
converted into acetyl-CoA.

-Beta-oxidation requires an initial investment of ATP, but then is continuously cleaved to yield two-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules (which can be used in the Krebs cycle for ATP generation) and electron carriers (NADH + FADH2 - produces more ATP).

31
Q

Proteins as source of energy generation

A
  • least desirable energy source bc the processes to get them into cellular respiration takes a lot of energy
  • Catabolized when cells are starving due to unavailability of carbs and fats.

-They are broken down into amino acids, which must first undergo oxidative deamination
(removal of NH3 ) before being shuttled to various parts of cellular respiration.
-Ammonia (NH3 ) is toxic, so must be converted into uric acid or urea excreted from the body.
EX: humans convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted as
urine.

DAT Biology (22 decks)

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