Chapter 1- Nucleic Acid

Question 1

Nucleic acids

Answer 1

essential macromolecules found in all living things.

are polymers of nucleotides

Question 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 2

anti-parallel double helix; complementary strands with opposite direction of 5' end and 3' end
very stable (less reactive)
contains genetic information (blueprints) that cells use to make products
Nitrogenous bases= Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (A,T,C,G)

Have deoxyribose sugar 2’ has hydrogen only, less reactive bc only hydrogen on 2’

Question 3

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 3

single stranded; copied from DNA during transcription
less stable (more reactive) than DNA

Regulates expression of information during photosynthesis
Nitrogenous bases= Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine (A,U,C,G)

Ribose sugar with a hydroxyl group on the 2’ carbon. Bc of hydroxyl group, more reactive

Question 4

Is all DNA destined to become produce protein?

Answer 4

No. Sometimes DNA is converted to RNA, specific RNA molecules can act as ribozymes

Question 5

Nucleosides

Answer 5

pentose (5 carbon) sugar attached to nitrogenous base

without phosphate group

Question 6

Nucleotide

Answer 6

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and single phosphate group.

are nucleoside triphosphates, after polymerization and loss of two phosphate groups -> become nucleotides

Polymers of nucleotides give DNA and RNA

Question 7

Purines

Answer 7

A and G nitrogenous bases (PUR As Gold = PURines are Adenine and Guanine)

Have two rings

Question 8

Pyrimidines

Answer 8

C, U, T nitrogenous bases (CUT the PY = Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines.)

Have one ring

Question 9

Phosphate groups

Answer 9

attach to the nucleotide sugar at 5’ carbon, 5’ phosphates connect to 3’ hydroxyl of another nucleotide

Question 10

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 10

connect the phosphate
group of one nucleotide (at the 5’ carbon) to the
hydroxyl group of another nucleotide (at the 3’
carbon).

Question 11

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 11

series of phosphodiester bonds, 5’ end has a free phosphate group, while the 3’ end has a free hydroxyl group.

Question 12

Nucleic polymerization

Answer 12

nucleoside triphosphates are added to the 3’ end of sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 13

Complimentary bases:

Answer 13

A to T
U to A
C to G

H bonds between each base

Question 14

Transcription

Answer 14

DNA used to synthesize RNA

Question 15

Translation

Answer 15

RNA molecule synthesizes -> polypeptide chain -> synthesizes protein

Question 16

Chaperonin proteins

Answer 16

assist in protein processing by helping proteins fold correctly.