Chapter 3 Flashcards
Sensation
Describes how our sense pick up information from the environment and translate them into messages our brain can comprehend
Perception
The process of assigning meaning to information we receive from our senses.
What are the steps in the perception process?
- Selection
- Organization
- Interpretation
- Negotiation
- Selection
Choosing which data we will attention
factors of selection
- Intensity
- Repetition
- Contrast or Change
- Motives
- Emotional State
- Organization
Arranging data in a meaningful way
types of schemas
- physical
- role-based
- interaction-based
- psychological
Punctuation
The determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions
- Interpretation
Attaching meaning to sense data
Relational Satifaction
A behaviour can seem positive or negative based on the type of relationship you have with the other person.
Expectation
You interpret other’s behaviours as positive or negative based on how you expect them to act.
Personal Experience
What meanings similar events have
- Negotiation
The process by which communicators influence one another’s perceptions
Narratives
Stories we use to describe our personal world
Influences on perception
- Access to information
- Physiological influences
- Psychological influences
- Social influences
- cultural Influences
Physiological Influences
- Age
- Health and Fatigue
- Hunger
- Biological Cycles
- Neurological differences
Standpoint Theory
A theory that describes how a person’s position in the world shapes their view of society in general and of specific individuals.
Power Distance
The degree to which memebrs of a society accept and unequal distribution of power
uncertainty avoidance
The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by or uncomfortable in ambiguous situations and how my they try to avoid them.
Acheivement Culture
Societies that place a high value on material success and a focus on the task at hand
Nurturing Culture
Societies that regard the support of relationship as an especially important goal
Attribution
The process of attaching meaning to behaviour
Characteristics of Stereotypes
- Characterizing others on unimportant characteristics
- Ascribing a set of characteristics to all members of a group
- applying generalizations to a particular individual
Primary Effect
Our tendency to pay attention to and remember things that happened first in a sequence
Halo Effect
The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person based on a single positive characteristic. Often based on attractiveness
Horns effect
A negative appraisal adverslely influences perceptions that follow
Confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out, remember and organize our impressions to support that opinion.
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions
Tendencies in Perception
- We Make snap judgements
- cling to first impressions
- Judge ourselves more charitably than others
- Influenced by our expectations
- Influenced by the obvious
- We assume others are similar to us
Perception checking
- Description of the behaviour
- Two + possible interpretations of the behaviour
- A request for clarification about how to interpret the behaviour
Empathy
The abiity to recreate another person’s perspective and to experience the world from their point of view.
Dimensions of Empathy
- Perspective Taking
- Emotional Contagion
- Genuine Concern
Perspective taking
the ability to take on the viewpoint of another person
Emotional Contagion
Experiencing the same feelings that others have
Genuine Concern
Having a sincere interest in another’s well being.
Requirements for Emapthy
- Open-mindedness
- Imagination
- Commitment
Open-mindedness
To set aside your own believe, attitudes and values and to consider those of the other person. People confuse understanding and accepting.
Imagination
Being able to picture another person’s background and thoughts
Commitment
The sincere desire to understand another person.
