Chapter 3 Flashcards
amount of Americans with emotional disorder
about half
Percent of those that receive treatment
one third
Percent of mental disorder recovery
80-90%
Neuropsychiatry
the study of the brain and mind
Most complex organ
brain
Neurons
nerve cells, transmit information from the senses to the brain and brain to body
Parts of neurons
- Cell body
- Axon terminal
- Dendrites
Nucleus
central part of a cell, in cell body
Axon
long fiber that conducts impulses from nuckeus to dendrites
Axon Terminal
ending of axon, impulses transmitted to a dendrite of other neuron
Dendrites
Branching fibers of neuron that receive impulses from axon terminals and other neurons, conduct them to nuclues
Glia
support cells for neurons in the brain and spinal cord that seperate brain from bloodstream, help in neuron growth
Neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit action of other neurons
Synapse
specialized site at which electrical impulses are transmitted from the axon terminal of one neuron to a dendrite of another
Women’s brains are ____% smaller
10-15%
- more densely packed with neurons
- use more of them
Genders respond diff to emotion, especially ___
sadness, activates neurons in area 8x larger in women
Greatest gender differences
at both top and bottom of scale
Brain is still a work in progress until
age 25
Surge of synapse in
before adolescence
After surge in tweens
prune nonessential connections
In adequate pruning can contribute to
mental disorders
Brain area for organizing fully develop at age ___
20
Before 20, rely on _____ for daily life
amygdala
Amygdala
- almond shaped
- in medial/temporal lobes
- process emotions and memories
Frontal cortex
- governs reason and forethought
- greater role as age
- puts challenges into perspective
Mental Disorder
a behavioral or psychological syndrome associated with distress or disability
Psychiatric illness and substance abuse affect ____ world wide
450 Million
Most common psychiatric conditions
- Depression
- alcohol dependence/abuse
- bipolar disorder
- schizophrenia
- Alzheimer’s/dementia
- panic disorder
- drug dependence/abuse
What is the leading cause of years of health lost to disease?
depression
Women are ____% higher for depression
50%
Men rates of alcohol and substance abuse are ___x higher than women
7x
___% undergrads have depression
10%
Undergrads who live ____ more likely to have depression
off-campus
Transfer students have higher
anxiety
Ratio of undergrads diagnosed/treated for mental disorder
1 in 4
Things contributing to mental disorder
- History of mental disorder
- ongoing psychiatric issues
- breakup
- financial pressure
- discrimination
- increased risk of other disorders
- minority status
% of people reported academic performance affected by depression
16%
More likely to receive mental health services when
on a campus with mental health clinics
Student diagnoses
- 25% psychiatric drugs
- 20% outpatient psychotherapy
- 4% inpatient
Age range less likely to seek mental care
18-24 year olds
Percentage of college students who may develop depression
15-40%
Key contributors to depression in college
- stress
- too little sleep
- academic and athletic pressure
Female depression
- twice as common (unless in same socioeconomic situations)
- Black women only report 10%
- underlying predisposition that puts at greater risk
Female brain chemistry and sex hormones affect
- less serotonin (communicator)
- register sadness more
- more sensitive to light/temp change
- more sensitive to own hormones
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
- depressive disorder
- week before menstruation
- 1.8-5.8% of women experience it
Male depression
- 1 in 14
- “under” disease: underdiscussed
- tremendous fatigue
- sense of being dead inside
- headaches
- attempts to self medicate
- alters brain chemistry
- 4x more kill themselves
Chronic stress does what in males
raises levels of stress hormone cortisol and lowers testosterone
Major depressive disorder
sadness that does not end, ongoing feelings of utter helplessness, half not recognized
Antidepressants
drugs used to treat symptoms of depression
Symptoms of major depressive disorder
- depressed
- losing interest
- eating more/less
- trouble sleeping
- feeling slowed down
- lack of energy
- feeling helpless
- difficulty thinking/concentrating
- persistent thoughts of death
Complementary approach
imagining positive events in the future, boost optimism
Most effective approach to help depression
combination of psychotherapy and medication
Psychotherapy
pinpoint life problems that contribute to depression
Cognitive behavioral/mindfulness therapy
take longer
Depression lasts
6-9 months
Present of depression to reoccour
80%
Bipolar disorder
severe depression alternating with periods of manic activity and elation, effect 4% population, professional therapy is essential
During manic episode
- make big plans
- no sleep needed
- talk more
During hypomanic episode
- elevated mood
- abnormally increased energy
Bipolar in men
develop faster
Bipolar in women
higher rates overall
Bipolar syptoms
- mood swings
- changes in thinking
- changes in behavior
- changes in physical condition
Anxiety disorder
group of psychological disorders involving episodes of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness, stem from anticipation of danger
Phobias
anxiety disorder marked by an inordinate fear, results in extreme avoidance, most present type of anxiety, behavioral therapy best
Panic attacks
short episodes characterized by physical sensations, accompanied by inexplicable terror, peak at 10 minutes
Panic disorder
anxiety disorder where the apprehension of recurring panic attacks so intense that normal activity impaired
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorder characterized as chronic disease
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions/compulsions that impair ability to function and form relationships
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
spectrum of difficulties in controlling motion and sustaining attention, most common mental disorder in children
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
1 in 68 children, boys 4-5x more likely, a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes social and communication impairments
Schizophrenia
most debilitating, impairs sense of reality, group of mental disorders with characteristic psychotic symptoms, W=late 20s, M=mid 20s
Suicide is the ___ leading cause of 10-24 year old deaths
third, whites at highest risk
Suicide for men
commit suicide 3-4x more
Suicide for women
attempt suicide more
Psychiatrists
licensed medical doctors with additional training in psychotherapy and treatment of mental disorder, can prescribe meds and make medical decisions
Psychologist
completed doctoral or grad program, not medically trained and do not prescribe meds
Certified social workers/licensed clinical social worker (LCSW)
two year grad program in counseling mental problems
Psychiatric nurse
nurses with special training and experience in mental health care
Marriage/family therapist
psychiatrists/psychologist/social worker specialized
Psychotherapy
treatment to produce a response by psychological rather than physical means, suggestions
Psychodymatic
interpreting behaviors in terms of early experiences and unconscious influences
Cognitive therapy
identify an individuals beliefs and attitudes and educate diff ways of thinking
Behavioral therapy
emphasizes application of principles of learning to sub desirable responses
Interpersonal therapy
to develop communication skills
Psychiatric drugs
meds that regulate a person’s mind and functions to facilitate normal functioning
Agoraphobia
fear of situations that would be hard to escape
Drug given from schizophrenia
antipsycotics
SSRIs
drugs to treat OCD
