Chapter 3

Question 1

Presynaptic neuron’s occur before the…which occurs before the…neuron

Answer 1

synapse, postsynaptic neuron

Question 2

Synaptic transmission can be organized into 8 steps:

Answer 2

• synthesis
• transportation and storage
• release
• binding
  deactivation
• auto receptor activation
• reuptake
• degradation

Question 3

Sythnesis

Answer 3

part of chemicals are made in cell body of each neuron. These chemicals known as neurotransmitters, transmit information from one neuron to another
- these chemicals are made from the food we eat

Question 4

Transportation and storage

Answer 4

When molecules of neurotransmitters are made, they’re transported from cell body to axon terminal where they are stored in a small bead like container called synaptic vesicles

Question 5

Release

Answer 5

When an AP in neuron reaches axon terminal, the synaptic vesicles, melt into cell membrane causing the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse (presynaptic membrane)

Question 6

Binding

Answer 6

The released molecules of neurotransmitter float across the gap and some bind with the membrane of the cell after synapse.
- Molecules bind to receptors which allow molecules to influence whether the postsynaptic cell will have its own AP

Question 7

deactivation

Answer 7

one type of neurotransmitter can be destroyed by an enzyme in the synapse which prevents the neurotransmitter from having a never ending influence on postsynaptic cell

Question 8

auto receptor activation

Answer 8

Auto receptors are neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the same neuron that released it. Auto receptors only respond to neurotransmitters that have been released by the same neuron

Question 9

reuptake

Answer 9

leftover and excess neurotransmitter molecules can be brought back in to the presynaptic region of the cell

Question 10

degredation

Answer 10

enzymes in presynaptic region break down excess neurotransmitter molecules which are then eliminated

Question 11

The FIRST 4 steps of synaptic transmission share a common purpose in which:

Answer 11

they all increase the influence of the presynaptic cell on postsynaptic cell

Question 12

The LAST 4 steps share a common purpose in which:

Answer 12

they are all involved in stopping the presynaptic cell from continuing to influence the postsynaptic cell

Question 13

Graded potentials

Answer 13

is the trigger that takes a neuron from its resting potential of an action potential

Question 14

Our perceptions, thoughts, and actions depend on…

Answer 14

patterns of neural activity in elaborate neural networks which consist of interconnected neurons that frequently fire together

Question 15

your nervous systems forms…

Answer 15

more synapses than needed and gradually eliminates the less active synapses

Question 16

Donald Hebb

Answer 16

• highlighted that understanding the brain and its processes are fundamental to understanding behaviour

Question 17

Neurons dont influence behaviour but…

Answer 17

are linked in complex networks called cell assemblies

Question 18

Hebbian learning rule

Answer 18

specifies how cell assemblies might be created and work

Question 19

Hebb’s ideas led to work by…

Answer 19

other scientists on long term potentiation

Question 20

Long term potentiation

Answer 20

refers to a long lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway

Question 21

Neurotransmitters

Answer 21

are molecules that are released from the presynaptic region to allow one neuron to influence the firing rate of another neuron

Question 22

Neurotransmitters are fundamental to…

Answer 22

behaviour, playing a key role in everything from muscle movements to moods, and mental health

Question 23

4 common properties neurotransmitters share

Answer 23

• they are synthesized in the neuron
• they are stored in the synaptic terminals
• they are released when the neuron has an action potential
• they are deactivated/removed from the synapse when they have completed their task

Question 24

who identified the first neurotransmitter?

Answer 24

Otto Loewi

Question 25

What 2 effects do neurotransmitters have when released into the synapse?

Answer 25

• they either increase the chance of postsynaptic cell firing
• Or decrease the chance of postsynaptic cell firing

Question 26

ACh

Answer 26

Acetylcholine

Question 27

Acetylcholine:

Answer 27

• is present through nervous system
• is the only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles
• Contributes to attention, arousal and memory

Question 28

What is an agonist of ACh?

Answer 28

nicotine

Question 29

Agonist:

Answer 29

is a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

Question 30

What happens when more ACh is released in synapse?

Answer 30

muscle spasms/temporary paralysis could occur

Question 31

Monoamines:

Answer 31

are a category of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 32

What regulates many aspects of everyday behaviour?

Answer 32

Monoamines

Question 33

Dopamine

Answer 33

Is released when engaged with rewarding activities like sex, working out, drinking when thirsty, eating when hungry

Question 34

What can be a result from a degeneration of dopamine in the brain?

Answer 34

Parkinsons

Question 35

Norepinephrine

Answer 35

has many different functions/roles

• has role of neurtransmitter in brain, and role of hormone in body
• its synthesized from dopamine and affects arousal and alertness

Question 36

Serotonin

Answer 36

Regulates mood, eating, arousal and sleeping

• 80% is concentrated in digestive tract and helps food move
• linked to aggressive behaviour in animals

Question 37

What monamine plays a role in depression?

Answer 37

serotonin

Question 38

GABA

Answer 38

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Question 39

What does GABA do?

Answer 39

• produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
• is involved in the regulation of anxiety in humans
• may be present at 40% of all synapses

Question 40

endorphins

Answer 40

are internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects.
they are widely distributed throughout our bodies and decrease pain