chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

inferential statistics

A

are used to interpret data and draw conclusions

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2
Q

statistical significance

A

is said to exist when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low

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3
Q

replication

A

is the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated (they help science identify and purge erroneous findings)

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4
Q

a sample

A

is the collection of participants selected for observation in an empirical study

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5
Q

What does empirical research always involve?

A

it always involves making statistical inferences about a population based on a sample

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6
Q

placebo

A

is a substance that resembles a drug but has no actual pharmacological effect

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7
Q

placebo effect

A

occurs when participants expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

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8
Q

social desirability bias

A

is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

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9
Q

halo effect

A

occurs when ones overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution spills over to influence more specific ratings

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10
Q

experimenter bias

A

occurs when a researchers expectations/preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

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11
Q

What does research suggest about the experimenter bias?

A

that it may lead researchers to unintentionally influence the behaviour of their participants

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12
Q

problems associated with experimenter bias:

A

double blind procedure

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13
Q

double blind procedure

A

is a research strategy in which neither participants nor experimenters know which participants are in the experimental or control groups

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14
Q

what are the 3 independent dimensions Bateson suggests are ethically acceptable for animals studies?

A
  • extent of anticipated animal suffering
  • The importance of the research problem addressed
  • The likelihood of beneficial discoveries
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15
Q

psychology is empirical, true or false

A

true

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16
Q

what does the empirical approach entail?

A

testing ideas
basing conclusions
relying on healthy brand of skepticism

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17
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

consists of personal stories about specific incidents/experiences

18
Q

cons of anecdotal evidence

A

they are often inaccurate and riddled with embellishments.

19
Q

scientific investigation

A
  1. translate theory or intuitive idea into testable hypothesis
  2. design study
  3. collect data
  4. analyze data
  5. report findings
20
Q

operational definitions

A

describe actions/operations that will be used to measure/control a variable

21
Q

experiments allow researchers to…

A

detect cause and effect relationships

22
Q

independent variables

A

are a condition/event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

23
Q

dependent variable

A

is the variable thats thought to be affected by manipulation of independent variable

24
Q

why is it called an independent variable?

A

it is free to be varied by experimenter

25
Q

whys is called dependent variable?

A

it is thought to depend on manipulations of independent variable

26
Q

control group

A

consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to experimental groups

27
Q

extraneous variables

A

are any other variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

28
Q

cofounding of variables

A

occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific efforts

29
Q

what happens when extraneous variable is cofounded with an independent variable?

A

a researcher cannot tell which is having what effect on the dependent variable

30
Q

descriptive/correlational research methods

A

include naturalistic observations, case studies, and surveys

31
Q

which methods cannot be manipulated?

A

descriptive/correlational research methods

32
Q

naturalistic observation

A

involves researcher engaging in careful observation of behaviour without direct intervening with subjects

33
Q

case study

A

is an in depth investigation of an individual participant/group of participants

34
Q

case studies are good for…

A

investigating certain phenomena like psychological disorders

35
Q

naturalistic observations are good for researchers…

A

to study behaviour under conditions less artificial than in experiments

36
Q

advantage of descriptive/correlational research

A
  • they give researchers a way to explore questions that couldnt examine with experimental procedures
  • broadens scope of phenomena
37
Q

disadvantages of descriptive/correlation research

A
  • investigators cannot control events to isolate cause and effect
  • cannot demonstrate conclusively that correlated variables are casually related
38
Q

median

A

the score that falls in middle of distribution

39
Q

mean

A

average

40
Q

mode

A

the most frequent score in distribution

41
Q

variablity

A

how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and the mean

42
Q

standard deviation

A

is an index of amount of variablity in set of data