6

Question 1

Acquisition:

Answer 1

initial stage of learning something

Question 2

Avoidance learning:

Answer 2

organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Question 3

Classical conditioning:

Answer 3

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned reinforcers:

Answer 4

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Question 5

Conditioned response (CR):

Answer 5

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS):

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 7

extinction:

Answer 7

fading of nonreinforced conditioned response over time

Question 8

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule:

Answer 8

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Question 9

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule:

Answer 9

the reinforcer is a given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Eg.) rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press

Question 10

higher-order conditioning:

Answer 10

conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Instinctive drift:

Answer 11

occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes

Question 12

Instrumental learning:

Answer 12

another term for operant conditioning – reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase/decrease the probability that the behaviour will occur again in the future

Question 13

Latent learning:

Answer 13

learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs

Question 14

Law of effect:

Answer 14

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Question 15

Learning:

Answer 15

any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

Question 16

Negative reinforcement:

Answer 16

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Question 17

Observational learning:

Answer 17

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Question 18

Operant conditioning:

Answer 18

is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Question 19

positive reinforcement:

Answer 19

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Question 20

preparedness:

Answer 20

involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

Question 21

primary reinforcers: :

Answer 21

are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
- Food, water, warmth, sex and affection

Question 22

punishment:

Answer 22

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 23

Schedule of reinforcement:

Answer 23

determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

Question 24

Secondary reinforcers:

Answer 24

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
- Eg.) money, good grades, attention, praise, and applause

Question 25

Shaping:

Answer 25

consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response

Question 26

Skinner box:

Answer 26

Permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies that are in effect for the animal

Question 27

Spontaneous recovery:

Answer 27

if you manage to rid yourself of an unwanted conditioned response (such as cringing when you hear a dental drill), there is a chance that it may make a surprise reappearance later

Question 28

Stimulus discrimination:

Answer 28

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 29

Stimulus generalization:

Answer 29

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 30

Unconditioned response (UR):

Answer 30

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Question 31

Unconditioned stimulus (US):

Answer 31

is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Question 32

Variable-interval (VI) schedule:

Answer 32

require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers

Question 33

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule:

Answer 33

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Eg.) rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press on the average

Question 34

Ivan Pavlov:

Answer 34

came up with the process of classical conditioning

Question 35

What did Skinner make?

Answer 35

Baby box, a temperature and humidity-controlled crib

Question 36

What did Skinner demonstrate?

Answer 36

Organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favourable consequences

Question 37

What often leads to escape learning?

Answer 37

Avoidance learning

Question 38

Who came up with the process of classical conditioning?

Answer 38

Ivan Pavlov in 1903

Question 39

What was classical conditioning originally called?

Answer 39

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 40

Why was it called classical conditioning?

Answer 40

To distinguish it from other types of conditioning that attracted research interest around that time

Question 41

What leads to extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 41

Consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, without unconditioned stimulus