6 Flashcards
Acquisition:
initial stage of learning something
Avoidance learning:
organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
Classical conditioning:
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Conditioned reinforcers:
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Conditioned response (CR):
a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Conditioned stimulus (CS):
a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
extinction:
fading of nonreinforced conditioned response over time
Fixed-interval (FI) schedule:
the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule:
the reinforcer is a given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Eg.) rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press
higher-order conditioning:
conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Instinctive drift:
occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
Instrumental learning:
another term for operant conditioning – reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase/decrease the probability that the behaviour will occur again in the future
Latent learning:
learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs
Law of effect:
if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
Learning:
any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience
Negative reinforcement:
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Observational learning:
occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Operant conditioning:
is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
positive reinforcement:
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
preparedness:
involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
primary reinforcers: :
are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
- Food, water, warmth, sex and affection
punishment:
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Schedule of reinforcement:
determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
Secondary reinforcers:
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
- Eg.) money, good grades, attention, praise, and applause
Shaping:
consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response
Skinner box:
Permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies that are in effect for the animal
Spontaneous recovery:
if you manage to rid yourself of an unwanted conditioned response (such as cringing when you hear a dental drill), there is a chance that it may make a surprise reappearance later
Stimulus discrimination:
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus generalization:
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Unconditioned response (UR):
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US):
is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Variable-interval (VI) schedule:
require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers
Variable-ratio (VR) schedule:
the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Eg.) rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press on the average
Ivan Pavlov:
came up with the process of classical conditioning
What did Skinner make?
Baby box, a temperature and humidity-controlled crib
What did Skinner demonstrate?
Organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favourable consequences
What often leads to escape learning?
Avoidance learning
Who came up with the process of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov in 1903
What was classical conditioning originally called?
Pavlovian conditioning
Why was it called classical conditioning?
To distinguish it from other types of conditioning that attracted research interest around that time
What leads to extinction in classical conditioning?
Consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, without unconditioned stimulus
