8

Question 1

Algorithm:

Answer 1

a methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem

Question 2

Cognition:

Answer 2

mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 3

Decision making:

Answer 3

evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Question 4

Framing:

Answer 4

how an issue is posed/worded

Question 5

Functional fixedness:

Answer 5

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Question 6

Gambler’s fallacy:

Answer 6

belief if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future

Question 7

Heuristic:

Answer 7

guiding principle or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions

Question 8

Incubation effect:

Answer 8

• tends to enhance problem solving
• can even happen during sleep
• mind wandering during incubation break is associated with a greater likelihood of coming up with a new solution

Question 9

Insight:

Answer 9

sudden discovery of correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error

Question 10

Language:

Answer 10

consists of symbols that convey meaning

Question 11

Mental set:

Answer 11

exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

Question 12

Morphemes:

Answer 12

smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 13

Phonemes:

Answer 13

the smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually

Question 14

Problem solving:

Answer 14

active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve. A goal that is not readily available

Question 15

Semantics:

Answer 15

area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations

Question 16

Syntax:

Answer 16

system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences

Question 17

What is the base of the language hierarchy?

Answer 17

Phonemes

Question 18

How many phonemes are there?

Answer 18

40

Question 19

How many morphemes are there?

Answer 19

Approximately 50,000

Question 20

Morphemes include…

Answer 20

Root words as well as prefixes and suffixes

Question 21

Simple rule of syntax:

Answer 21

A sentence must have both a subject and a verb

Question 22

What is Noam Chomsky point out?

Answer 22

There are an infinite number of sentences in a language. Therefore, it is unreasonable to expect that children learn a language by imitation

Question 23

What did Chomsky believe?

Answer 23

Children learn the rules of language, not specific verbal responses

Question 24

What does the nativist theory propose?

Answer 24

That humans are equipped with a language acquisition device, meaning humans learn language because they’re biologically equipped for it

Question 25

Daniel Kahneman

Answer 25

• refers to two modes of thought as system 1 (fast thinking) and system 2 (thinking slow)
• According to Kahneman, system 2 thinking is the thinking from which we derive our sense of choice, deliberation, concentration, and personal agency

Question 26

System 1

Answer 26

• is a more automatic mode of thinking in which we expend very little effort and over which we have no control
• is involved when we read word son a billboard, detect hostility in someone’s voice, answer questions and so on

Question 27

System 2

Answer 27

• is under our control and is more effortful
• is invoked when we lo0k for a person in a crowd, when we fill out our income tax forms, or when we try to maintain a faster walking speed than normal
• monitors and corrects the automatic system 1 as needed and takes over when complicated or important decisions loom

Question 28

What was another theory favoured by Chomsky?

Answer 28

Humans have an inborn or “native” propensity to develop language