Chapter 1

Question 1

Who was the founder of psychology?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

Was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements & investigate how these elements are related

Question 3

Where did structuralism emerge from?

Answer 3

The leadership of Edward Titchener

Question 4

What did structuralists want to identify?

Answer 4

They wanted to identify the fundamental components of conscious experience - sensations, feelings, and images

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

Required training to make the subject/person being studied, more objective and aware

Question 6

Functionalism

Answer 6

was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function/purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

Question 7

Who influenced functionalism?

Answer 7

William James

Question 8

What did William James argue?

Answer 8

He argued that consciousness consists of continuous flow of thoughts

Question 9

What do functionalists investigate?

Answer 9

They investigate mental testing, patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of educational practices, and behavioural differences between the sexes

Question 10

Behaviouralism

Answer 10

Is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

Question 11

Who founded behaviouralism?

Answer 11

John B. Watson

Question 12

Behaviour

Answer 12

Refers to any observable response or activity by an organism

Question 13

Unconscious

Answer 13

Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but exerts great influence on behaviour

Question 14

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Answer 14

• Austrian physician

- He treated people troubled by psychological problems like irrational fears, obsessions, anxieties

Question 15

What did Sigmund Freud conclude?

Answer 15

He concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level

Question 16

What does Sigmund Freud’s psychological theory attempt to explain?

Answer 16

It attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 17

What is the fundamental principle of behaviour documented by Skinner?

Answer 17

Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend to not repeat responses that lead to neutral/negative outcomes

Question 18

Humanism

Answer 18

Is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

Question 19

Clinical psychology

Answer 19

Is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 20

Cognition

Answer 20

Refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge or the thinking/conscious experience

Question 21

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 21

Examines behavioural processes of a species over the course of many generations (natural selection favours behaviours that enhance organisms reproductive successes)

Question 22

Positive Psychology

Answer 22

Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Question 23

Psychology

Answer 23

The science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it

Question 24

9 research areas in modern psychology:

Answer 24

• developmental psychology
• social
• experimental
• behavioural neuroscience
• cognitive
• personality
• psychometrics
• educational
• health

Question 25

Psychiatry:

Answer 25

Is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 26

Developmental psychology

Answer 26

Looks at human development across the lifespan. Focuses on adolescence, adulthood and old age

Question 27

Social psychology

Answer 27

focuses on interpersonal behaviour and the role of social forces in governing behaviour. Includes attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction, aggression, intimate relationships

Question 28

Educational psychology

Answer 28

studies how people learn and the best ways to teach them

Question 29

Health psychology

Answer 29

focuses on how psychological factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness

Question 30

Behavioural neuroscience

Answer 30

Examines the influence of genetic factors on behaviour and the role of the nervous system, endocrine system, bodily chemicals, and the brain in the regulation of behaviour

Question 31

Experimental psychology

Answer 31

Encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavily in the first half century as a science (sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion)

Question 32

Cognitive psychology

Answer 32

Focuses on memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity

Question 33

Psychometrics

Answer 33

Is concerned with the measurement of behaviour and capacities. It is involved with the design of tests to asses personality, intelligence, and a wide range of abilities

Question 34

Personality

Answer 34

Is interested in describing/understanding individual’s consistency in behaviour, which represents their personality

Question 35

Empirism

Answer 35

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

Question 36

Theory

Answer 36

Is a system of inter-related ideas used to explain a set of observations