Chapter 3

Question 1

The study of risk factors for abnormal behavior includes what three causes?

Answer 1

Necessary Cause
Sufficient Cause
Contributory Cause

Question 2

Necessary Cause

Answer 2

If Y occurs, X must have preceded

Question 3

Sufficient Cause

Answer 3

If X occurs, then Y will also occur

Question 4

Contributory Cause

Answer 4

If X occurs, then the probability of Y increases

Question 5

Bidirectionality refers to what concept?

Answer 5

Did X cause Y, or Y cause X?

Question 6

Diathesis

Answer 6

Relatively distal necessary or contributory cause that ISN’T sufficient to cause the disorder

Question 7

Stress

Answer 7

Response of an organism to environmental stimulus

Question 8

Distal causal factors occur…

Answer 8

Far in the past

Question 9

Proximal causal factors occur…

Answer 9

Recently

Question 10

What causes the many competing explanations for how abnormal behavior is created?

Answer 10

Complexity of the brain (100B neurons with 15k dendrites/neuron)

Question 11

Biological Viewpoint

Answer 11

1. Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Abnormalities
2. Genetics
3. Temperament
4. Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity

Question 12

What does the Biological Viewpoint say about Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Abnormalities?

Answer 12

Has been proven to cause abnormal behavior (Ex. Craddock’s PMS)

Question 13

What are the two main contributing factors to schizophrenia?

Answer 13

Too much dopamine/not enough glutamate

Question 14

What does the Biological Viewpoint say about genetics?

Answer 14

Genetic influences are rooted in hundreds of genes, but can make significant difference

Question 15

What causes Down Syndrome?

Answer 15

Chromosome 21 translocation, or having three copies of chromosome 21

Question 16

In what ways can genes be unfolded by their environment?

Answer 16

Passive (talking to kids is good for them), evocative (verbal children cause people to talk to them), Active (child may embrace talking and join debate team)

Question 17

What are the traditional ways of studying genetic influences?

Answer 17

Family History
Twin Method
Adoption Method

Question 18

What does the Biological Viewpoint say about temperament?

Answer 18

Reactivity and characteristic ways at early age forms basis from which personality develops

Question 19

At 2-3 months of age, what dimensions of temperament can be identified?

Answer 19

Fearfulness
Irritability and Frustration
Positive Affect
Activity Level
Attentional Persistence

Question 20

What are the dimensions of temperament strongly related to?

Answer 20

Dimensions of adult personality:
Neuroticism or negative emotionality
Extraversion or positive emotionality
Constraint

Question 21

The Behavioral/Cognitive Viewpoint is based on what?

Answer 21

Classical conditioning, focusing on how thoughts and processing are distorted

Question 22

What are the three concepts that the Behavioral/Cognitive viewpoint separates thought processing into?

Answer 22

1. Schema, or underlying systems built for processing
2. Attributions, or the process of assigning causes to things that happen
3. Attributional style, or the characteristic way that one assigns causes to good or bad events

Question 23

Generalization of response refers to what?

Answer 23

If a response is conditioned to one stimulus, it can be evoked by other similar stimuli

Question 24

Discrimination of response refers to what?

Answer 24

Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli

Question 25

The Sociocultural Viewpoint focuses on what?

Answer 25

Impact of culture (sociocultural level, prejudice)

Question 26

Freud theorized that a person's behavior results as a reaction of what three facets of the psyche?

Answer 26

1. ID 2. Ego 3. Superego

Question 27

ID

Answer 27

Life force v Death wish

Question 28

Ego

Answer 28

Mediates the demands of the ID with realities of the external world (interhemispheric interaction)

Question 29

Superego

Answer 29

Morality acquired from society

Question 30

What did Freud theorize that people use to handle moral anxiety?

Answer 30

``` Ego defense mechanisms: Displacement Fixation Projection Rationalizations Sublimation (channeling) Regression ```

Question 31

What are the five psychosexual stages of development that Freud theorized?

Answer 31

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital OAPLG

Question 32

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 32

Warm, but moderate on control (good kids)

Question 33

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 33

Highly controlled (conflicted and moody kids)

Question 34

Permissive Parenting

Answer 34

Highly warm, no control (kids impulsive and aggressive)

Question 35

Neglectful Parenting

Answer 35

(kids impulsive with no self esteem)