Chapter 2

Question 1

Who pioneered the theory of four humors?

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

What were the four humors?

Answer 2

Black bile (melan chole)
Yellow bile (chole)
Phlegm (phlegma)
Blood (haima)

Question 3

What did Hippocrates wrongly associate with personality?

Answer 3

dreams

Question 4

What three classifications did Hippocrates classify disorders under?

Answer 4

mania, melancholia, phrenitis

Question 5

When did Plato live?

Answer 5

(429-347 BC)

Question 6

Plato was the first to view psychological phenomena as responses of…

Answer 6

the entire organism

Question 7

Plato was the first to emphasize a model that is similar to…

Answer 7

nature/nurture

Question 8

Plato believed that criminals…

Answer 8

weren’t responsible for the things they had done

Question 9

Aristotle wrote what book about consciousness?

Answer 9

On the Soul

Question 10

What about Aristotle’s philosophy in On the Soul made it so popular?

Answer 10

It focused on the qualitative nature of experience, as well as the nature of consciousness

Question 11

What did Aristotle believe had the potential to stop all pain and attain pleasure?

Answer 11

thinking

Question 12

What famous theory about the cause of diseases did Aristotle conform to?

Answer 12

humor theory

Question 13

Plato sponsored hospital care for people that developed beliefs that ran counter to society’s (T/F)

Answer 13

T

Question 14

What methods for treating mental diseases did the early Egyptians/Greeks use?

Answer 14

Dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics, education

Question 15

Early roman care for the mentally ill focused on what?

Answer 15

Comfort

Question 16

Who developed a theory based on flow of atoms through the pores and developed treatments accordingly?

Answer 16

Asclepiades

Question 17

What was the greatest contribution of Galen to psychology?

Answer 17

Anatomy of the nervous system (he also classified causes of disorders into physical and mental categories)

Question 18

Yin/Yang can be seen in the views of what current psychological theory?

Answer 18

BIS/BAS

Question 19

What did Chung Ching do that was revolutionary at his time?

Answer 19

Based his views on clinical observations, and implicated organ pathologies

Question 20

During the “dark ages”, what tradition of treating the mentally ill survived in the middle east?

Answer 20

Greek - humane treatment

Question 21

During the “dark ages”, what was it like in europe?

Answer 21

Plagued with madness, exorcisms peaked in 14th/15th centuries

Question 22

St. Vitus’s dance is caused by what?

Answer 22

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Question 23

Lycanthropy is caused by what?

Answer 23

Ergot fungus

Question 24

The renaissance lead to a rejection of what?

Answer 24

Witchcraft/Demonolgy

Question 25

Paracelcus lived when?

Answer 25

1490-1540

Question 26

What hypothesis did paracelcus postulate?

Answer 26

Mismatch hypothesis - conflict between instinctual and spiritual nature of humans

Question 27

When were the first Asylums established?

Answer 27

Sixteenth century

Question 28

What was the most famous aslyum?

Answer 28

Monastery of St. Mary of Bethlem (bedlam), converted by Henry VIII

Question 29

What changes to psychological care took place during the humanitarian reform?

Answer 29

France - Philippe Pinel notices treating patients nicely causes less symptoms
England - WIlliam Tuke establishes York
America - Benjamin Rush wrote Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind (1812)
America - Dorothy Dix advocates for humane treatment

Question 30

What was wrong with Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind?

Answer 30

Relied on astrology, bloodletting, purgatives

Question 31

What did Moral Management theory focus on?

Answer 31

Rehabilitation of character rather than physical or mental disorders

Question 32

What was Ben Franklin’s greatest contribution to psychology?

Answer 32

The proposition of ECT

Question 33

How does ECT work?

Answer 33

innteruption in hyperconnectivity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Is ECT effective?

Answer 34

Very, in some cases

Question 35

What were psychiatrists called in the nineteenth century?

Answer 35

Alienists

Question 36

In the twentieth century, Clifford Beers described his own mental collapse in what?

Answer 36

A Mind That Found Itself

Question 37

During the late twentieth century, what happened in the field of psychological care?

Answer 37

Reversal in policy - closing of many psychiatric hospitals (financial reasons)

Question 38

What discovery proved that mental illnesses were treatable without hand holding or exorcisms?

Answer 38

The relationship between paresis and syphilis

Question 39

Who was the first to truly emphasize the importance of brain in psychic functions, and when?

Answer 39

Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777)

Question 40

Who were the scientists that pioneered psychosurgeries?

Answer 40

Cotton and Moniz

Question 41

What was the forerunner to the DSM, and when was it first published?

Answer 41

Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883)

Question 42

Who wrote the Compendium der Psychiatrie?

Answer 42

Kraepelin

Question 43

Mesmerism=

Answer 43

hypnotism

Question 44

In what way were those at the Nancy School fraudulent?

Answer 44

Misinterpreted findings with hypnosis to make it seem more effective

Question 45

Sigmund Freud lived when?

Answer 45

1856-1939

Question 46

What perspective did Sigmund Freud develop?

Answer 46

Psychoanalytic perspective

Question 47

What discoveries did the psychoanalytic perspective lead to?

Answer 47

Catharsis, the subconscious, free association

Question 48

Who had the first experimental psychological laboratory?

Answer 48

Wilhem Wundt

Question 49

What did Ivan Pavlov study?

Answer 49

Mechanisms of digestion

Question 50

John B. Watson believed very strongly in…

Answer 50

Classical conditioning