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My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIO 2382) > Chapter 3: 3.3 Organelles and Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 3: 3.3 Organelles and Transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define:

Endomembrane system

A

A group of membranes in eukaryotic cells which forms a network

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2
Q

How do the components of the endomembrane system work together?

A

Work together by sharing membranes and/or contents of organelles

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3
Q

List:

Components of the endomembrane system:

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth ER)
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes and Vacuoles
  • Plasma Membrane
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4
Q

What are membrane-bound vesicles? How do they function?

A

Membrane-bound vesicles bud off of one component of the endomembrane system, and fuse with others
* Transport proteins, other biomolecules, and membrane lipids

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5
Q

True or False:

Transport through the endomembrane system is highly regulated

A

True

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6
Q

How do membrane-bound vesicles get to specific destinations in the cell?

A

They are marked for specific destinations in the cell

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7
Q

In Eukaryotic cells, how are organelles able to more effectively perform specific functions?

A

They are localized in a specific region of the cell, some are separated by membranes

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8
Q

What is another term for “separated by membranes”?

A

Membrane-bound

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9
Q

Define:

Nucleus

A

A membrane-bound organelle which contains most of the genetic information in the cell

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10
Q

True or False:

The nucleus contains all of the genetic information in the cell

A

False, the nucleus contains most of the genetic information in the cell

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11
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by? Describe it

A

Nuclear envelope, a double membrane structure

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12
Q

What regulates what goes in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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13
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches off of the ——- ——–

A

Nuclear envelope

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14
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A
  1. Rough ER
  2. Smooth ER
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15
Q

Define and describe:

Rough ER

A
  • Studded with ribosomes that synthesize and secrete proteins into the Rough ER
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16
Q

What is the Rough ER responsible for synthesizing?

A

Proteins which are destined to be:
* Transmembrane proteins
* Secreted proteins
* Proteins which reside within certain organelles

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17
Q

Define and describe:

Smooth ER

A
  • Not studded with ribosomes
  • Filled with enzymes that synthesize various lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates
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18
Q

What is the Smooth ER responsible of synthesizing?

A
  • Lipids
  • Steroids
  • Carbohydrates
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19
Q

Define and describe:

The Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of flattened membrane discs which acts as the cell’s sorting center
* Cis face faces the nucleus
* Trans face faces away from the nucleus

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20
Q

For the Golgi Apparatus:

  1. Where are contents received?
  2. How are they received?
  3. Where are contents shipped?
  4. What is done before they are shipped?
A
  1. Cis face
  2. Vesicles from ER face with the Cis face
  3. Trans face
  4. Modified, packaged, and sorted
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21
Q

Define and describe:

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes and have a low pH
* Fuse with vesicles that have taken contents into the cell through endocytosis, allowing the ingested components to be broken down

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22
Q

True or False:

Lysosomes have a low pH environment

A

True

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23
Q

Define and describe:

Vacuoles

A

Store water and waste products in plant cells

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24
Q

True or False:

Animal cells have vacuoles

A

False, only plant cells have vacuoles

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25
Q

Define and describe:

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound compartments
* Transport cellular contents between organelles in/out of the cell

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26
Q

What is the cell membrane the site of?

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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27
Q

Describe:

What happens on the cell membrane?

A
  • Vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the cell membrane
  • Allows for contents to be released outside of the cell and membrane proteins to be embedded in the cell membrane
28
Q

Define:

Endocytosis

A

The cellular internalization of fluids and molecules

29
Q

List:

Types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
30
Q

Define:

Phagocytosis

A

The intake of large particles (eg. bacteria) and cellular debris via phagosomes

31
Q

What does phagocytosis literally mean?

A

“Cellular eating”

32
Q

Define:

Phagocytic cells

A

In animals, cells may specialize for phagocytosis of pathogens, allowing for defence against infection

33
Q

Define:

Pinocytosis

A

Non-specific intake of fluid and small molecules via pinocytotic vesicles

34
Q

What does pinocytosis literally mean?

A

“Cellular drinking”

35
Q

Define:

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Binding and intake of specific cargo

36
Q

How does a cell achieve receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Specific extracellular macromolecules bind to complementary receptors on the cell surface
* Enter cell via clathrin-coated vesicles

37
Q

In lysosomes:

  1. Structure
  2. Content
  3. Purpose
A
  1. Membrane-bound compartments
  2. Hydrolytic enzymes
  3. Controlled intracellular digestion of extracellular materials and old organelles
38
Q

In lysosomes:

How is the interior of lysosomes able to host hydrolytic enzymes?

A

By providing an optimal pH

39
Q

List:

Pathways that materials reach lysosomes for degradation

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Autophagy
40
Q

In lysosomes, describe:

Phagocytosis

A

Phagosomes fuse directly with lysosomes

41
Q

In lysosomes, describe:

Endocytosis

A

Endocytic vesicles fuse with endosomes, which mature into lysosomes or fuse with lysosomes

42
Q

In lysosomes, describe:

Autophagy

A
  • Means “self-eating”

Obsolete parts of the cell are surrounded with membrane, then fuse with the lysosome for degradation

43
Q

What hydrolytic enzymes are present in lysosomes? (7)

A
  • Nucleases
  • Proteases
  • Glycosidases
  • Lipases
  • Phosphatases
  • Sulfatases
  • Phospholipases
44
Q

Define:

Exocytosis

A

Transports cellular contents outside of the cell (includes waste, signalling molecules, secreted proteins)

45
Q

What are coat proteins for?

A

To dictate what direction vesicles are moving as they cycle between members of the endomembrane system

46
Q

What are coat proteins?

A

Proteins that line the surface of the vesicles
* Dock onto their target by specific recognition receptors

47
Q

List:

Coat Proteins discussed in this course

A
  • COPI
  • COPII
  • Clathrin AP-1
  • Clathrin AP-2
  • Clathrin AP-4
  • Clathrin AP-5
48
Q

Describe:

COPI

A

On vesicles moving from Golgi retrograde (moving backwards) to ER

49
Q

Describe:

COPII

A

On vesicles moving from ER to Golgi

50
Q

Describe:

Clathrin AP-1 or Clathrin AP-4

A

Vesicles moving to the PM (plasma membrane)

51
Q

Between Clathrin AP-1 and AP-4, which one is more better characterized for the role described in this course?

A

AP-1

52
Q

Describe:

Clathrin AP-2

A

On vesicles moving from PM to Golgi

53
Q

Describe:

Clathrin AP-5

A

On vesicles moving to lysosome

54
Q

What is the primary function of coat proteins?

A

Determine the directionality of vesicles and promote vesicle formation

55
Q

List:

  1. Types of coat proteins
  2. Their function
A
  1. COPIII - RER to Golgi
  2. COPI - Golgi to RER
  3. Clathrin - Golgi or PM to endosomes
56
Q

List:

Cargo signals

A
  • KDEL (retention signal)
  • DXE
  • Mannose-6 phosphate (M6P)
57
Q

Describe:

KDEL (retention signal)

A

Ensures protein stays in ER or is always transferred back to ER (binds COPI)

58
Q

Describe:

DXE

A

Binds to COPII to be delivered to Golgi

59
Q

Describe:

Mannose-6 phosphate (M6P)

A

Transport to lysosome from Golgi

60
Q

Describe:

The process of Assembly and Disassembly of Coat Proteins

A
  1. GTP binding proteins on the surface of the vesicles bind to coat proteins
  2. Coat proteins mediate formation of the vesicle and release
  3. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP occurs which causes coat proteins to dissociate off of the vesicle
61
Q

Describe:

The process of Vesicle Docking

A
  1. Exposed vesicle contain v-SNAREs and a protein known as Rab-GTP on the surface
  2. Rab-GTP binds to the a tether protein which brings the vesicle close to the surface where t-SNAREs are present
  3. t-SNAREs bind to v-SNAREs with high affinity to bring the vesicle in close enough proximity to the surfacew to allow it to merge and the cargo is delivered to its destination
61
Q

Define:

Glycosylation

A

The addition of sugar to a molecule

62
Q

Where are proteins glycosylated?

A
  • Golgi
  • ER
63
Q

In glycosylation:

What do the Golgi and ER contain?

A

Enzymes for glycosylation (glycosyltansferase)
* Each is responsible for adding specific types of sugars

64
Q

Where are proteins for the PM involved in the extracellular matrix modified?

A

Many are modified in the ER and Golgi

My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIO 2382) (20 decks)

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