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My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIO 2382) > Chapter 1: 1.3 Types of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1: 1.3 Types of Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define:

Cell

A

The smallest unit of any living organism

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2
Q

True or False:

Organisms can be comprised of multiple or single cells

A

True

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3
Q
  1. What are organisms comprised of a single cell known as?
  2. What are organisms comprised of multiple cells known as?
A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Multicellular
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4
Q

What are the two existing cell types? How do they differ?

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Prokaryotic

Differ based on some key structural differences

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5
Q

All organisms on earth can be grouped into what domains?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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6
Q

Bacteria and Archarea are ——- —— ———- organisms

A

Single-celled prokaryotic

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7
Q

True or False:

Eukarya are single-cellular eukaryotic organisms

A

Partially true; Eukarya are single- OR multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms

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8
Q

Between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya, how are they related?

A
  • Bacteria and archaea are more similar to each other
  • Archaea and eukarya are more closely related
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9
Q

For bacteria, describe:

  1. Cell type
  2. Size
  3. Cell wall
  4. Membrane lipids
  5. DNA
  6. Organelles
  7. Cell Division
A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. 1-5 μM
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Ester linkages
  5. Circular chromosomes
  6. No membrane-bound organelles
  7. Binary fission
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10
Q

For archaea, describe:

  1. Cell type
  2. Size
  3. Cell wall
  4. Membrane lipids
  5. DNA
  6. Organelles
  7. Cell Division
A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. 1-5 μM
  3. No peptidoglycan
  4. Ether linkages
  5. Circular chromosomes
  6. No membrane-bound organelles
  7. Binary fission
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11
Q

Describe:

Size of Eukaryotic cells

(Compared to prokaryotic cells)

A

10-100x larger than prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

Describe:

Organelles of eukaryotic cells

(Compared to prokaryotic cells)

A

Contain membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Describe:

How DNA is stored in a eukaryotic cell vs. prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells:
* Compartmentalize DNA in membrane-bound nucleus

Prokaryotic cells:
* Has a nucleoid that is not separated from the rest of the cytosol

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14
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Nucleus

(List the components)

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Chromatin
  • Nucleolus
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15
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Nuclear envelope

(Describe)

A

Membrane enclosing the nucleus

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16
Q

How does material move in and out of the nucleus?

A

Protein-lined pores on nuclear envelope allow material to move in and out

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17
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Chromatin

(Describe)

A

DNA plus associated proteins

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18
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Nucleolus

(Describe)

A

Condensed region where ribosomes are formed

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19
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Cytoskeleton

(List the components)

A
  • Microtubules
  • Centrosome
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
20
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Microtubules

(Describe)

A

Form the mitotic spindle and maintain cell shape

21
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Centrosome

(Describe)

A

Microtubule-organizing center

22
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Intermediate filaments

(Describe)

A

Fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place

23
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Microfilaments

(Describe)

A

Fibrous proteins; form the cellular cortex

24
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Peroxisome

(Describe)

A

Metabolizes waste

25
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Endoplasmic reticulum

(List the components)

A
  • Rough
  • Smooth
26
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Lysosome

(Describe)

A

Digests food and waste materials

27
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Golgi apparatus

(Describe)

A

Modifies proteins

28
Q

In animal cells (eukaryotic):

Mitochondria

(Describe)

A

Produce energy

29
Q

List:

Components of animal cell (eukaryotic) (10)

A
  1. Nucleus (nuclear envelope, chomatin, nucleolus)
  2. Cytoskeleton (microtubules, centrosome, intermediate filaments, microfilaments)
  3. Peroxisome
  4. Plasma membrane
  5. Lysosome
  6. Golgi apparatus
  7. Cytoplasm
  8. Mitochondria
  9. Vacuole
  10. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough, smooth)
30
Q

List:

Additional components of a plant cell (eukaryotic) (5)

A
  1. Plasmodesmata
  2. Cell wall
  3. Central vacuole
  4. Chloroplast
  5. Plastid
31
Q

In plant cells (eukaryotic):

Plasmodesmata

(Define)

A

Channels connect two plant cells

32
Q

In plant cells (eukaryotic):

Cell wall

(Describe)

A

Maintains cell shape

33
Q

In plant cells (eukaryotic):

Central vacuole

(Describe)

A

Filled with cell sap that maintains pressure against cell wall

34
Q

In plant cells (eukaryotic):

Chloroplast

(Describe)

A

Site of photosynthesis

35
Q

In plant cells (eukaryotic):

Plastid

(Describe)

A

Store pigments

36
Q

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote:

DNA

A

Prokaryote:
* DNA is naked
* DNA is circular
* Usually no introns

Eukaryote:
* DNA is bound
* DNA is linear
* Usually contains introns

37
Q

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote:

Organelles

A

Prokaryote:
* No nucleus
* Not membrane bound
* 70S ribosome

Eukaryote:
* Has nucleus
* Membrane-bond organelles
* 80S ribosome

38
Q

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote:

Reproduction

A

Prokaryote:
* Binary fission
* Single chromosome (haploid)

Eukaryote:
* Mitosis and meiosis
* Chromosome paired (diploid or more)

39
Q

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote:

Size

A

Prokaryote:
* Average 1-5 μm
* Often single celled

Eukaryote:
* Average 10-100 μm
* Often multicellular

40
Q

What factors can limit cell size?

A
  1. Dilution
  2. Diffusion
  3. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
41
Q

How does dilution limit cell size?

A

Biochemical reactions rely on the “collision” of their components
* If cells cells get too large, contents in the cytosol become more dilute, reducing chances of these collisions

42
Q

How do cells adapt to dilution?

A

Compartmentalizing biomolecules into organelles
* Increases the local concentration of the biochemical components

43
Q

How does diffusion limit cell size?

A

The bigger the cell gets, the longer it takes for nutrients to diffuse

44
Q

How does diffusion work in a cell?

A

Diffuses from higher concentrations (outside the cell) to the middle of the cell

45
Q

How do cells adapt to diffusion?

A

Vesicle trafficking

46
Q

How does SA : V Ratio affect cell size?

A

Cell increases in size:
* V increases faster than the SA
* SA becomes too small to absorb enough nutrients to maintain the large V

47
Q

How do cells adapt to SA : V Ratio?

A

Villi or microvilli (membrane folds) increase the surface area

My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIO 2382) (20 decks)

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