Chapter 3

Question 1

What did James Hargreaves’s invent in the 1770s which meant cotton could be spun more quickly?

Answer 1

The spinning Jenny

Question 2

Who worked on cotton plantations in the West Indies ?

Answer 2

Slaves transported from Africa

Question 3

What did Edmund Cartwright design in 1789 which developed the weaving process?

Answer 3

The power loom

Question 4

Name two industries which developed as a result of the cotton industry?

Answer 4

Iron/coal

Question 5

What were the 4 main areas of the country where there were supplies of coal and iron ore ?

Answer 5

Black Country / South Wales / South Yorkshire / Clydeside

Question 6

Who was John Wilkinson ?

Answer 6

Pioneered the use and manufacture of cast iron

Question 7

What system developed in the late 18th century to transport goods up and down the country ?

Answer 7

Canal

Question 8

When was the canal age?

Answer 8

1780s

Question 9

Name one problem with the canal system in the 18th century ?

Answer 9

Freeze over in the window / not practical in all weathers / relatively slow

Question 10

What eventually replaced the canal system in the 19th century ?

Answer 10

Railways

Question 11

What was the population at in 1801 and 1811 ?

Answer 11

1801 = 10.9 million
1811= 12.6 million

Question 12

How was the cotton industry before 1812 ?

Answer 12

• manufacturing were done at a small scale operations most of which were carried out in peoples homes or small workshops by means of a spinning wheel or hand loom

Question 13

Why was the system of the handloom and spinning wheel bad

Answer 13

Under this process the system was slow and lacked quality control and production was limited allowing little prospects of expansion

Question 14

Reason why the cotton industry started to develop

Answer 14

-The industry’s changed with the increased imports of raw cotton
-this was due to increase of the population made an increasing demand for clothing and textiles
- a spare of technological innovations in cotton manufacturing and the subsequent reorganisation of the labour force to work in large factories helped to bring about this revolution in the textile industry
-cotton clothing had advantage over linen and wool garment it was cheaper, more comfortable to wear and easier to wash
-cotton industry were quickly established in two areas in Lancashire and Lanarkshire due to fast growing rivers which could be harnesses to produce power to turn machines and proximity to the major sea ports of Liverpool and Glasgow

Question 15

Development done to cotton industry up to 1812?

Answer 15

-The development of Arkwright water frame 1769 heralded the start of the factory system of production and revolutionised the industry
- Samuel Compton’s created of the mule in 1779 along with the creation of spinning Jenny by Hargreaves produced exceptionally high quality yarn that was both string and fine. This system came widespread in factories by the 1820s
- in 1789 Edmund Cartwright designed a power loom which was operated by steam by this time the cotton industry was fully mechanised

Question 16

Reason why iron and coal industry grew

Answer 16

• As new cotton mill were built to accommodate bugger and more sophiscated machines and massive water wheels were designed to generate the power to run them demand for iron increased

Question 17

What was the pig iron output in 1788

Answer 17

68,000 tons

Question 18

How much did pig iron increased by in 1804

Answer 18

It increased up to 250,000 tons

Question 19

What four areas did the iron and coal industry became concentrated in ?

Answer 19

In four main areas where there were supplies of both coal and iron ore such as Black Country, South Wales, South Yorkshire and Clydeside

Question 20

What was the impact of this areas becoming concentrated

Answer 20

As a result this villages quickly developed into large industrials towns with growing populations

Question 21

What did John Wilkinson do to develop

Answer 21

He built up a large scale ironworks to meet the increasing demand of industrialisation

Question 22

What development did coal went through

Answer 22

• coal replaced wood as fuel in iron smelting and was mined in huge quantities to provide fuel to power steam engines in the factories
  -coal became essential to the progress of industrialisation as it provided cheap fuel for any manufacturing process that required heat

Question 23

How much did coal output rose

Answer 23

Output rose from an estimated seven million tons in the 1780s to 14 million tons by 1812

Question 24

What development did transport go through

Answer 24

The main development in transport was in the construction of a network canal across the country

Question 25

What were the benefits of the canals

Answer 25

-heavy and bulky goods could be transported more cheaply and easily by road or river and new areas were opened up
-industrial centres were linked to source of raw materials such as coal fields
- frésalo agricultural goods could be carried by canal to the newly expanding towns and centre of population

Question 26

What were the drawbacks of the canals

Answer 26

• they were difficult and expensive to construct
• it could only follow a limited amount of routes as it froze up in winter and were slow to operate

Question 27

Why is James Watt significant within the creation of steam engine

Answer 27

Watt genius idea of inventing a steam engine with a separate condenser to cool the steam and make the engine more efficient circumvented the effects of earlier attempts and made the concept commercially viable

Question 28

What was enclosure

Answer 28

A new system, pf divining agricultural land into compact fields close in by fences hedges or walls this resulted in to higher crop yields and healthier livestock

Question 29

Why was enclosure a beneficial development

Answer 29

With enclosure a new system of crop rotation could be developed ensuring that all the land was under cultivation every year with a good selection of crops like turnips were introduced to provide winter feed for cattle and as a bonus they put goodness back into the soil which made it rich enough for wheat or corn the following year

Question 30

What were the drawback of enclosure

Answer 30

Enclosure emphasised inequality in the countryside as more land was in hands of fewer people and the once hard working smallholding class virtually disappeared
This normally left the social structure of the landowner who rented out the his land to several farmers led to pitiful wages
- there was sufficient work on the new farms but the poor wages led to demoralisation and many people were forced back on poor relief