What pressure did lord Shaftesbury apply to public health reform ?
- he worked through societies such as the social science association dealing with public health, penal reforms and education for women
-he was an instrumental with Edwin Chadwick in persuading Russell’s government to set up a board of health as part of the 1848 public health reform
What pressure did Edwin Chadwick apply for public health reforms ?
- published the the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain highlighting the problems of disease and poor living conditions
-believe if attention was given to improve the poor and particularly to address the problems of infectious disease fewer people would need poor relief - provided a blue print for the 1848 public health act
-led to goverment to spend money in improving public health
What pressure did John Simon apply for public health reform ?
- Simon saw piecemeal improvements but a strong statutory centralised body was needed to tackle the endemic problems that persisted in the poorer urban areas
-even though the food adulteration act was passed the problems cause by poor sanitation and lack of fresh water supplies continued
What was John Snow and the cholera epidemic role in applying pressure to public health reform ?
-john snow removed the after pump of board street because he thought it was the origin of the cholera epidemic
- also believed it was caused by miasma but somehow traveled through the water supply which made middle class people also be affected by the disease
- led to the development of sewage system
- however in the long term his theories didn’t really contribute to any future discoveries
What did the public health act of 1848 do ? Limitations it had?
-This gave local authorities the power to appoint boards of health whose works was to be supervised by the Bernal board of health
- however the act had fatal weakness there was no compulsion on local authorities to set up board and by 1854 only 182 boards had been appointed in England and wales covering only 2 million of the population out of 18 million
What was the sanitation act of 1866?
Compelled local authorities to improve local conditions and remove nuisance
What did the public health act of 1872 do ? Limitations ?
- divide England and wales into districts under specific health authorities each of which was to have its own permanent medical officer and staff
- another failure because it was not clear what the duties of the health of board were and most of them were reluctant to spend the cash necessary for radical health reform
What did the public health act of 1875 do? Limitations ?
-it laid downs in clear details what the compulsory duties of local authorities were, they had to ensure that there was adequate sewage, drainage and water supply;nuisance were to be removed, offensive trades regulated and contaminated food to be sought out, consficated and destroyed
-however peopled were still dying
What was the artisan dwelling act 1875 ?
Local authorities were given the power of they wished to demolish insanitary property and to replace it with modern, health accommodation.
What did the housing of working classes act 1890 do ?
Local authorities were compelled to demolish unhealthy housing and to provide other accommodation for those made homeless
What did the housing and town planning act 1909 do ? Limitations ?
Allowed local authorities to introduce town planning schemes in order to avoid piecemeal building
- however there was no compulsion and the act was so complicated that the only major schemes was started in the whole country before 1914
How did medical improvement improve public health reform ?
- in the 1790s Edward’s Jenner had introduced his vaccination technique which controlled smallpox, though the diesels was still dangerous
-introduction of chloroform in 1840s a general anaesthetic gave surgeons more time to perform operations though there was still the problem of how to avoid infectious in the wound - early 1860 Louis Pasteur discovered the germ theory of disease cause by micro organism or bacteria
- Joseph lister developed an antiseptic technique using carbolic acid which reduced infection after operation and helped reduce death rat e
What was the most important reason for that progress being slow and not comprehensive ?
Lassiez-faire approach of goverment the thinking that not goverment intervention was for the better. This led to ratepayers begin influenced by this doctorine and have no intention to fund in better housing
Chartism role for parliamentary reform ?
-revival stimulated by economic depression of 1847 and the influence of the revolution that were occurring in several European countries
-a mass meeting arranged cause real alarm to in goverment
- chartist 3 out of 6 aims were achieve during liberal administration
The reform league role for parliamentary reform ?
- mainly a working class alliance with strong trade union support and a few wealthy middle-class backers
- aimed was to work towards democracy through universal suffrage and a programme of radical reform
The reform union role in parliamentary reform ?
-created in 1864
-largely middle class organisation that called for a secrect ballot and focused on seeking redistribution of seats to correct imbalance caused by the population
How did changes in political parties led to parliamentary reform ?
- the old Whig party dominated by landed aristocratic were slowly changing in the liberal part in which the commercial and industrial members were growing in influence
-there successful men tended to live in areas that were under distributed
How did the impact of industrialisation led to parliamentary reform ?
- the improved level of education made liberal more prone to accepting the ideas of extending the franchise to include this groups
-the size of constituencies had become very uneven in result of countinuing population growth and movement from the countryside to urban arras
-no new constituencies led to high levels if under representation within the population
Pressure from inside Parliament lead to parliamentary reform ?
- john bright MP for Birmingham toured the country encouraging ordinary men to demand their democratic rights
-John Stuart mill elected as MP for Westminster in 1865 was influential in raising interest in the political debates surrounding the extension of the franchise
The impact of foreign affairs ?
Both American civil war 1861-65 and movement of Italian unification 1859-61 were seen by many British people as struggle for freedom and democracy and were instrumental in creating a poplar surge of interest in reform
What does fenianism refer to ?
Nationalist movement seeking independency from British politics
Irish republicalism
What was the fenian movement aims ?
An Irish democratic republic based on universal suffrage separation of church and state
Repeal act of union
How did the fenianism emerge from other movements ?
Founders James Stephen’s and John O’ Mahoney both veterans of the young Ireland movement
- made up of a considerable base among urban supporters and the rural poor in Ireland
How did the goverment respond to armed rebellion ?
Harbeus corpus was suspended and replaced by a kind of state of emergency that allowed for internment without trial
