Chapter 17

Question 1

Where was the heart of the railway system and why?

Answer 1

London because it was the centre of Britain’s capital and biggest city

Question 2

What happened to many working class people in London as a result of the railway boom?

Answer 2

Created lots of employment however thousands of working class people were made homeless over night with no compensation as they were evicted from the homes to multiply the railways system

Question 3

What was the impact of the development of the railways on Britain’s connectivity

Answer 3

• built a modern society
  -post of newspapers were read within hours of begin published
  -travelling and tourism in United Kingdom became common

Question 4

What was the impact on peoples food and food tastes ?

Answer 4

• created a national market and development of consumerism
• trade with different goods increased rapidly

Question 5

What was the impact on people’s fashion ?

Answer 5

• ## new clothing texture and design were easier to design

Question 6

What modern names in retail and business came about as a result of the railway system ?

Answer 6

• developed bookstores now known as W.H.SMITH

Question 7

What was the effect of the development of the railways on peoples leisure time?

Answer 7

• more travelling to different cities boosted England economy and tourism/popularity
• literacy activity increased
• created a mordern state of time

Question 8

What were the major changes in the railway industry between 1815 and 1846 ?

Answer 8

Since 1800 there was only 6km of track but by 1838 there was around 750km of new track
Steam power lead to new development in engine construction such as ‘puffing billy’
In 1829 George Stephenson opened the first railway line from Stockton to Darlington with the the famous engine locomotion number one

Question 9

How can we account for the rapid development of the railway industry?

Answer 9

-it was a reaction to the rapid increase of industrialisation
- demand of transport of goods across the country
-coal mining provided the initial stimulus for railway development

Question 10

What was the total output that railways needed from iron industries?

Answer 10

Railway alone increase iron industry output to a total of 15%

Question 11

What reputation did navigator have in the railways ?

Answer 11

They acquired a sinister reputation for violence and alcoholism
Describes by J.R. Francis as “ rude, rugged and uncultivated “

Question 12

How many navies were recruited in 1847?

Answer 12

About 300,000

Question 13

How did the increase of railways improve transportation of goods ?

Answer 13

Railways were able to transport most food items quickly and safely so that commodities such as milk could be transported overnight ensuring that it reached its destination in a fresh condition

Question 14

What was George Hudson contribution to railways development?

Answer 14

He build the line between York, Leeds and the Midlands
In 1842 he formed the Midland Railway
Financed a lot of projects
Known as “railway king”

Question 15

What was Robert Stephenson contribution to the railways ?

Answer 15

• he constructed some magnificent railways bridges such as the high level bridge across the tyre at Newcastle and the royal border bridge at berswick

Question 16

What was George Stephenson contribution to the railways ?

Answer 16

-1825 designed the famous Stockton to Darlington line mainly to carry coal
-then in 1830 designed the line Liverpool to Manchester

Question 17

What was the institute of civil engineers 1818 ?

Answer 17

This helped to shape the development of the profession of engineering
In the long engineers like Stephson bought prestige and wealth to the institute

Question 18

What was the railway clearing house 1842 ?

Answer 18

This ensures that each company received a fair proportion of each fare paid as normally passenger would buy a ticket owned by a one company and then travel along different line owned by different companies

Question 19

What was the railways act 1844?

Answer 19

Provided a minimum standard for rail passengers travel
It provided compulsory services at a price affordable to poorer people to enable them to travel to find work
Introduced parliamentary trains

Question 20

What were parliamentary train ?

Answer 20

Train that had a third class which were aimed at for working class and stop at every station so all passenger could get in the train

Question 21

How many miles of track were there in 1846?

Answer 21

4000 miles

Question 22

What evidence is there to suggest there was a railway revolution in the 1830s ?

Answer 22

It increased leisure time and contributed to economy
Tourism became popular within England

Question 23

Enclosure development ?

Answer 23

Enclosure act of 1836 an 1845 brought a rapid scramble among landowners for enclosure with a few open fields left to enclose which duplicate farmers grains and urban populations

Question 24

What was enclosure ?

Answer 24

Made soil improvements easier and increased grain from an urban population

Question 25

Drainage developments ?

Answer 25

-steam drainage began to replace windmill drainage wheels and this enabled the land to dry out sufficiently
-quality of crop improved

Question 26

Fertiliser improvements?

Answer 26

• increased crop field and labour
• the use of guano recycled natural waste back to the ground

Question 27

What was the impact of agriculture societies ?

Answer 27

-offered the latest device and advertising products for better farming
- royal agricultural society formed in 1842 lead to great excellent source of farming knowledge

Question 28

What regional variation existed in agriculture?

Answer 28

-wages and housing varies according to different regions and also depend on the attitude of the farmers
- different areas specialised in different crops and farming based on their soil, climate and local demand

Question 29

What arguments are there against repeal ?

Answer 29

-it would ruin Britain’s farmers, leave England vulnerable in wartime blockade and increase mass rural unemployment

Question 30

How did the peel approach the issue of repeal ?

Answer 30

• slow approach to avoid the conservative potential to split and please landowners and anti-corn law league

Question 31

What did peel risk through repeal ?

Answer 31

• risk resignation
• a split in the party as there was different opinions of free trade and corn laws

Question 32

What happened to peel when he did repeal ?

Answer 32

Majority opposed and was forced to resign

Question 33

How did peels gradual conversion contribute to repeal of corn laws ?

Answer 33

• he came from a manufacturing background made him more sympathetic with working class rather than agriculture with landed interests
• thought it was unfair agricultural should be protect solely

Question 34

How did the great famine contribute to the repeal of corn laws ?

Answer 34

• Irish potato crop failed which thousands were dying
• anti corn law league increased in demand and pressure
  -political consequence

Question 35

How did the success of budgetary and tariff reform contribute to repeal of corn laws ?

Answer 35

• convinced peel that further tariff reform would stimulate industry and reduce unemployment

Question 36

How did restore confidence in political system contribute to repeal of corn laws ?

Answer 36

• peel claimed that repeal would remove a source of bitter social division

Question 37

How did the anti corn law league contribute to repeal ?

Answer 37

• leagues used various argument to support their campaign copying the tactics of other pressure groups
• persuade MP within parlaiment

Question 38

Short term consequences of repeal ?

Answer 38

• split in Conservative Party
  -peel resigning after losing majority
  -peelite having no effect
  -conservative lack of leadership

Question 39

Long term consequences of repeal ?

Answer 39

-Creation of liberal party developing into 1850s
-creation of coalition governments
-Days of aristocratic dominance ending
-Whig decline
-Quicker shift to free trade