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Psychology 121 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic Research

A

Answers fundamental questions about behaviour

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2
Q

Applied Research

A

Investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems

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3
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

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4
Q

Correlational Research

A

Research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

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5
Q

Experimental research

A

Research conducted with a specific approach, where a set of variables are manipulated while the other set of variables are being measured

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6
Q

Scientific Method

A

Set of assumptions, rules and procedures scientists use to conduct research

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7
Q

Laws

A

Principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry

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8
Q

Theory

A

Integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many but not all observed relationships within a given domain of enquire

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9
Q

Good Theories have 4 characteristics

A

General
Parsimonious
Falsifiable

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10
Q

Research Hypotheses

A

A specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables

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11
Q

Variable

A

Any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different times or places

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12
Q

Conceptual variables

A

Abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses

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13
Q

Measured Variables

A

Variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables

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14
Q

Operational definition

A

A precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable

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15
Q

Deception

A

Occurs whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

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16
Q

Active Deception

A

researcher tells the
participants that he or she is studying learning when in fact the experiment really
concerns obedience to authority.

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17
Q

Passive Deception

A

when participants are not told about the
hypothesis being studied or the potential use of the data being collected.

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18
Q

Nuremberg Code (WW2)

A

particularly clear about the importance of carefully
weighing risks against benefits and the need for informed consent.

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19
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

human participants
should be based on a written protocol—a detailed description of the research—
that is reviewed by an independent committee.

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20
Q

Belmont Report

A

explicitly outlined principles of justice, respect for persons,
beneficence, in response to the Tuskegee study.

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21
Q

Informed Consent

A

Researchers obtain and document peoples agreement in a study after having informed them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision

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22
Q

Confidentiality

A

Agreement not to disclose participants personal information without their consent or legal authorization

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23
Q

Anonymity

A

name and other personally identifiable information is not collected at all or is not published in a way to identify them.

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24
Q

Types of descrittive research

A

Case studies
Surveys
Naturalistic Observation

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25
Q

Case studies

A

Descriptive records of one or more individuals experiences or behaviour of individuals

26
Q

Surveys

A

Measures administrated through either as intervene or a written questionnaire to her a picture of the beliefs or behaviours of a sample of people of interest

27
Q

Sample

A

people chosen to participate in the research

28
Q

Population

A

All the people the researcher wishes to know information about

29
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Research based on the observation of everyday events

30
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Numbers that summarize the distribution of scores on a measured variable

31
Q

Normal Distribution

A

A data distribution that is shaped like a bell

32
Q

Central Tendency

A

Point in the distribution around which the data are centered

33
Q

Arithmetic Mean

A

Sum of all the scores of the variable divided by the number of participants in the distribution

34
Q

Outliners

A

Extreme scores within the distribution

35
Q

Median

A

middle (50%)

36
Q

Mode

A

Value that occurs most frequently in the distribution

37
Q

Dispersion

A

Extent to which the scores are all tightly clustered around the central tendency

38
Q

Correlational research

A

involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of
the relationship between or among those variables.

39
Q

Predictor variable

A

the variable assumed to have an effect on some other variable or explains a change in another variable.

40
Q

Outcome variable

A

The variable that is observed to determine whether it changes due
to the predictor variable.

41
Q

Linear Relationship

A

When the association between the variables on the scatter plot can be easily approximated with a straight line.

42
Q

Pearson Correlational coefficient

A

When the association between the variables on the scatter plot can be easily approximated with a straight line.

43
Q

Multiple Regression

A

Statistical technique based on correlation coefficients among variables,
that allows predicting a single outcome variable from more than one predictor variable.

44
Q

Common - causal variable

A

A variable that is not part of the research hypothesis but that causes both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produces the observed correlation between them

45
Q

Spurious Relationship

A

Arelationship between two variables in which a common- causal variable produces and “explains away” the relationship.

46
Q

Independent Variable

A

the causing variable that is created (manipulated) by the experimenter

47
Q

Dependant Variable

A

a measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the
experimental manipulation

48
Q

Random Assignment to Conditions

A

a procedure in which the condition that each
participant is assigned to is determined through a random process, such as
drawing numbers out of an envelope or using a random number table.1

49
Q

Valid

A

Legitimate

50
Q

Reliable

A

Consistent

51
Q

Experimental Bias

A

the experimenter subtly treats the research participants in the
various experimental conditions differently, resulting in an invalid confirmation of
the research hypothesis.

52
Q

Single Blind Study

A

either the participants or the researcher do not know the
conditions participants are assigned to

53
Q

Double Blind Study

A

both the participants and the researcher do not know the
conditions participants are assigned to.

54
Q

Construct Validity

A

the extent to which the variables used in the research
adequately assess the conceptual variables they were designed to measure.

55
Q

Internal Validity

A

Extent to which the independent variable has caused the dependant variable

56
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which the results extend to other scenarios populations

57
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

the extent to which we can be certain that the
researcher has drawn accurate conclusions about the statistical significance of the
research.1

58
Q

Meta Analysis

A

A statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw
conclusions about those studies.

59
Q

Exact replication

A

Exactly recreating

60
Q

Conceptual Replication

A

a statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw
conclusions about those studies.

Psychology 121 (11 decks)

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