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Psychology 121 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Refers to the physiological, behavioural, cognitive and social changes that occur throughout the human life

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2
Q

Infancy

A

Development stage that begins at birth and continues to one year of age

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3
Q

Childhood

A

The period between infancy and the onset of puberty

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4
Q

Adolescence

A

Years between the inset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

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5
Q

What was Robert Klark Graham right about

A

Nature plays a substantial part of development

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6
Q

Conception

A

When an egg is fertilized by sperm

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7
Q

Ovulation

A

When an egg which has ben stored in the mothers ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube

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8
Q

Zygote

A

A ferilized egg

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9
Q

Embryo

A

Once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, it is known as embryo

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10
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Lasts for 6 weeks. Major internal and external organs formed

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11
Q

Aminotic Sac

A

Fluid filled reservoir in which the embryo will live until birth

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12
Q

Placenta

A

Organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother.

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13
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus

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14
Q

Fetus

A

Beginning of the 9th week of conception, embryo becomes a fetus

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15
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that can harm the fetus

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16
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead ti numerous development effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital abnormalities and intellectual disability

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17
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Stimuli: Baby cheek is stroked
Response: Baby turns its head toward the stroking, open its mouth and tires to suck
Significance: Ensures the infants feeding will be a reflexive habit

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18
Q

Blink Reflex

A

Stimulus: A light is flashed in the baby eyes
Response: The baby closes both eyes
Significance: Protects eyes from strong and potentially dangerous stimuli

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19
Q

Withdrawl Reflex

A

Stimulus: A soft pinprick is applied to the sole of the babys foot
Response: The baby reflexes the leg
Significance: Keeping the exploring infant away from painful stimuli

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20
Q

Tonic Neck Reflex

A

Stimulus: Baby is laid down on its back
Response: Baby turns on its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
Significance: Helps develop hand eye coordination

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21
Q

Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus: An object is pressed into the palm of the body.
Response: The baby grasps the object pressed and can even hold its own weight for a brief period
Significance: Helps in exploratory learning

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22
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Stimulus: Loud noises or a sudden drop in height while holding the baby.
Response: The baby extends arms and legs and quickly brings them in as if trying to grasp something.
Significance: Protects from falling; could have assisted infants in holding on to their mothers during rough travelling

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23
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

Stimulus: The baby is suspended with bare feet just above a surface and is moved forward
Response: Baby makes stepping motions and as if trying to walk
Significance: Helps encourage motor development

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24
Q

Habitutation

A

Decreased responsiveness towards a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession

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25
Q

Schemas

A

Patterns of knowledge in long term memory

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26
Q

Assimilation

A

Use already developed schemas to understand new information

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27
Q

Accommodation

A

Learning new information and thus changing the schema

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28
Q

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational and Formal Operational

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29
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Birth to about 2 years: The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching and tasting

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30
Q

Preopreational

A

2 to 7 years: Children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. They also start to see the world from others perspectives. Begin to use language and to think More abstractly about objects.

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31
Q

Concrete Operational

A

7 to 11 years: Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on objects that are only imagined

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32
Q

Formal Operational

A

11 years to adulthood: Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning

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33
Q

Self concept

A

Knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about us

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34
Q

Secure Base

A

Allows them to feel safe

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35
Q

Strange Situation

A

Meaure of attachment in young children in which the Childs behaviours are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment

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36
Q

Secure attachment style

A

Explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger

37
Q

Ambivalent Attachment Style

A

Wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the mother rather than exploring the toys

38
Q

Avoidant Attachment Style

A

avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns.

39
Q

Disorganized Attachment Style

A

seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation — the child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns, or the child may approach the mother but then freeze or fall to the floor.

40
Q

Temperament

A

Innate persoanility characteristics of the infant

41
Q

Egocentric

A

Unable to see and understand other peoples view points

42
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to take another persons view point

43
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Marked by more frequent and more accurate use of transitions, operations and abstract concepts, including those of time, space and numbers.

44
Q

Formal Operational Strage

A

Marked by the ability to think in abstract terms and to use scientific and philosophical lines of thought

45
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Cognitive development is not isolated entirely within the child but occurs at lease in part through social interactions.

46
Q

Community Learning

A

Children serve as both teachers and learners

47
Q

Self concept

A

Knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

48
Q

Social Comparison

A

Making comparisons with other children

49
Q

Competence and Autonomy

A

The recognition of ones own abilities relative to other children

50
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Research designs in which individuals in the sample are followed and contacted over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages

51
Q

Cross Sectional Research

A

Age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time

52
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Possibility that differences in cognition or behaviour at two points in time may be caused by differences that are unrelated to the changes in age

53
Q

Adolescence

A

Years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

54
Q

Puberty

A

A developmental period in which hormonal changes cause rapid physical alterations in the body, culminating in sexual activity

55
Q

Male Sex Harmones

A

Testosterone

56
Q

Female sex hormones

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

57
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The sex organs concerned with reproduction
EXAMPLE: Enlargement of testes

58
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but are not involved in reproduction

59
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period typically experienced at around 12 or 13 years of age

60
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

In which they feel that everyone is constantly watching them

61
Q

James Marcia’s Stages of identity development

A

Identity Diffusion Status
Foreclosure Status
Moratorium Status
Identity Achievement Status

62
Q

Identity diffusion

A

Individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward them

63
Q

Foreclosure Status

A

The individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity based on the choices or values of others

64
Q

Moratorium Status

A

Individual exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them

65
Q

Identity Achievement Status

A

Individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions

66
Q

Social Identity

A

Part of the self concept that is derived from ones group memberships

67
Q

Morality

A

Standards of behaviour that are generally agrees on within a culture to be right or proper

68
Q

Early Adulthood

A

Ages between 25 and 45

69
Q

Middle Adulthood

A

Ages between 45 and 65

70
Q

Parenting Styles

A

Parental behaviours that determine the nature of parent - child interactions

71
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Demanding but not responsive. They impose rules and expect obedience. Dictator like

72
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Make few demands and give little punishment

73
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Demanding but also responsive to the needs of the child

74
Q

Rejecting neglecting Parenting

A

undemanding and unresponsive overall

75
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of menstrual cycle, which occurs around age 50

76
Q

Social Clock

A

Culturally preferred “right time” for major life events

77
Q

Late Adulthood

A

Final Life Stage, Beginning in the 60s

78
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary and language

79
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to acquire and think information quickly and abstractly

80
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive Neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviours

81
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

Form of dementia that ever a period of years leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions and physical functioning, and that is ultimately fatal

82
Q

Stages of Death

A

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

83
Q

Sex

A

Biological category of male or female

84
Q

Gender

A

Refers to the cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity

85
Q

Gender Roles

A

Behaviours, attitudes and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture

86
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics of men and women

87
Q

Gender Identity

A

Psychological sense of being male or female

88
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

the direction of their emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

89
Q

Development Intergroup Theory

A

Adults heavy focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves

Psychology 121 (11 decks)

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