Chapter 13 Flashcards
Social Psychology
Study of group processes: How we behave in groups and how we feel and think about one another
Five areas of social psychology
Attraction
Attitudes
Peace and conflict
Social influence
Social Congnition
Attraction
First Impressions, courtship, commitment, to the concepts of beauty, intimacy and evolution
Attitudes
Opinions, feelings and beliefs about a person, concept or group
Stereotyping
Using information shortcuts about a group to effectively navigate social situations or make decisions
Prejudice
How a person feels about an individual based on their group
Discrimination
Occurs when a person is biases against an individual, simply because of the individuals membership in a social category
Conformity
Being persuaded to give up our own opinions and go along with the group
Obedience
Following orders or requests from people in authority
Persuasion
is a common research topic that refers to the act of delivering a
particular message so that it influences a person’s behavior in a desired way.
Social Cognition
Refers to how we think about the social world and how we perceive others
Social Attribution
When we make educated guess about the efforts or motives of others
Fundamental Attribution error
The Consistent way we attribute people’s actions to personality traits while overlooking situational influences
Heuristic
Mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem solving to more simple, rule based actions
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of the object belonging to a category based on how similar it is to ones mental representation of that category
Planning Fallacy
People tend to underestimate how much time it will take to complete a task
Affective Forecasting
Predictions of ones future feelings
Impact bias
the tendency
for a person to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings.
Durability Bias
the tendency for people to overestimate how
long positive & negative events will affect them.
Hot cognition
Refers to the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings
need for closure
the desire to come to a decision, is often induced
by time constraints as well as by individual differences.
Mood Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall memories similar in valence to our current mood.
Chameleon Effect
Unconsciously mimicking someone else
Implicit Attitudes
An attitude that a person does not verbally or overtly express
Implicit measures of attitudes
infer the participant’s attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
measures how quickly the participant pairs a concept with an attribute
Evaluative Priming Task
measures how quickly the participant labels the valence
(i.e., positive or negative) of the attitude object when it appears immediately after a
positive or negative image.
Obedience
how people react when given an order or command from someone in a
position of authority.
Blatant Biases
are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are willing
to admit, which mostly express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while
favoring one’s own group (in-group).
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)
describes a belief that group hierarchies are
inevitable and maintain order and stability.
Right Wing Authoritarianism
endorses respect for obedience/authority in
the service of group conformity.
Subtle Biasses
are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased,
unfair, and disrespectful to the belief in equality.
Social Identity Theory
Describes the tendency to favour ones own in group over another out group
Self Categorization Theory
people tend to favor the groups with people like them and disfavor the others.
Aversive racism
People do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves/others
Bystander Intervention
aims to understand why people do not always help.
Pluralistic Ignorance
relying on others to define the situation and to then erroneously conclude that no intervention is necessary when help is actually
needed.
Diffusion of Responsibility
knowing that someone else could help relieves bystanders of personal responsibility, so bystanders do not intervene.
Kin selection
Refers to the favoritism shown for helping our blood relatives
Reciprocal altruism
If helping someone now increases the chances that you will be helped later, then your overall chances of survival are increased.
Negative state relief model:
People sometimes help in order to make themselves feel better.
Arousal: cost–reward model:
When people see someone who is suffering, we vicariously experience a sympathetic arousal that is unpleasant, and we are motivated to eliminate that aversive state.
Altruism
Helping that aims to improve another person’s welfares.
