Chapter 29 - Development & Inheritance Flashcards
Conception
The start of pregnancy when a male germ cell fertilizes the female germ cell
3 Steps of Fertilization
- Penetration of secondary oocyte by sperm cell
- Triggering of completion of Meiosis 2
- Syngamy (Fusion of pronuclei) of ovum & spermatozoa -> zygote
Capacitation
When sperm are acted upon by female secretions in order to:
- Increase motility
- Partially digest membrane covering sperm cell’s head (Aids in penetration of membrane + chemo-attraction of sperm cell)
ZP3 Receptors
Receptors find in zona pellucida of ovum that sperm cell head proteins bind to
- Sperm cell loses its middle piece & flagellum in zygote formation; all embryo mitochondria comes from secondary oocyte
- Only around 300 out of 300 mil. sperm cells reach secondary oocyte
2 Enzymes for Fertilization
- Acrosome hyaluronidaise
- Acrosome protease
* Both help access secondary oocyte, digesting intracellular matrix between corona radiata cells & zona pellucida
Polyspermy
Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm
2 Steps of Polyspermy Prevention
- Depolarization of secondary oocyte’s plasma membrane
2. Release of chemicals that deactivate ZP3 receptors
Monozygotic Twins, Triplets…
=Identical clones, result of separation of developing embryonic cells
-Usually occurs 8 days post-fertilization
Dizygotic Twins, Trizygotic Triplets
Representations of 2 or 3 separate syngamy events respectively
Cleavage
=Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting in increased numbers of progressively smaller “blastomeres”
- Begins 24 hours after fertilization
- By 96 hours, cleavage -> morula
- Uterine milk -> differentiation of morula -> blastocyst
Human Embryo
Organism from fertilization to end of 8th week in utero
Implantation
=Attachment of the blastocyst to the lining of the uterus followed by its burrowing into stratum functionalis
- Usually occurs on posterior wall of uterine fundus or body 6-7 days post-fertilization
- Embryoblast orients itself closest to endometrial lining
- Trophoblast enzymes digest the endometrial surface
- Implantation -> increased endometrial glands -> increased vascularity
- Following implantation, endometrium called the “decidua”
Human Fetus
Unborn child from 9th week to delivery
Gestation
Period of intra-uterine development
Parturition
Childbirth
6 Stages of Embryonic Development
- Cleavage
- Implantation
- Gastrulation
- Extraembryonic Membrane Formation
- Placenta & Umbilical Cord Formation
- Organogenesis
*First 3 happen within weeks 1-8
Morula
- Solid ball of totipotent stem cells, capable of making any cell in body or extrasomatic structures of embryofetus
- Morula surrounded by zona pellucida
2 Parts of the Blastocyst
- Embryoblast: Inner cell mass; made of pluripotent stem cells, become the 3 embyonic germ layers
- Trophoblast: Outer layer; becomes chorion during 2nd week w/ extra-embryonic mesoderm
4 Examples of Multipotent Stem Cells
- Basal Keratinocytes - Found in skin
- Myeloid Stem Cells - Found in bone marrow
- Lymphoid Stem Cells - Found in lymphatic tissue
- Oogonia & Spermatogonia - Found in gonads
*All can develop into one or more cell type
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
A type of therapeutic cloning in which the nuclear material from a human somatic cell is used to replace the nuclear material from a human oocyte
2 Types of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
- Autologous SCNT: Patient’s own somatic cell is used; no immunosuppressive therapy required
- Heterologous SCNT: Somatic cell from different individual used; immunosuppressive therapy required
3 Decidual Regions of the Embryo
- Decidua Basalis: Located between stratum basalis & embryo; becomes maternal portion of placenta
- Decidua Capsularis: Located between implanted embryo & uterine cavity
- Decidua Parietalis: Rest of endometrium
Ectopic Pregnancy
=”Out of normal place” pregnancy (e.g., uterine tube, ovary, visceral peritoneum, or cervical canal)
- May result in scarring of uterine tubes
- Smoking may cause implantation within uterine tube
- Leads to a missed menstrual period, then bleeding & acute abdominopelvic pain
Eutopic Pregnancy
=Normal implantation
-Occurs within endometrium