Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards
4 Components of Respiration
- Air movement into & out of lungs
- Gas exchange: air to & from blood
- Gas transport in blood
- Gas exchange: blood to & from tissues
Otorhinolaryngology
Study of the diseases of the nose ears, + throat
Pulmonology
Study of the diseases of the lungs
Nose
- Most anterior part is cartilage
- Lined inside w/ mucous membrane
- 2 nostrils (AKA “external nares/anterior nares”) = openings into each half of nasal cavity from outside
Nasal Cavity
- Internal nares (AKA “posterior nares/choanae”) connect each half of nasal cavity into nasopharynx
- Nasal cavity partitioned into right & left half by nasal septum (anterior part = “vestibule”)
- Olfactory receptors in mucosae of inferior surface of cribiform plate and upper surfaces of superior nasal conchae (“Olfactory epithelium”)
- Nasolacrimal (tear) ducts open into each half of nasal cavity
- Hard palate separates oral & nasal cavities
- Soft palate separates nasopharynx from rest of pharynx
Nasal Conchae (AKA “Turbinates”)
- Bony projections which increase surface area
- Covered by mucous membrane (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
- Functions: filters, warms & humidifies air
Paranasal Sinuses
- Air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid bones
- Mucous membrane lined
Sinusitis
Inflammation of mucous membrane of paranasal sinuses
Path of Incoming Air
External nares -> Vestibule -> Superior, middle & inferior meatuses -> Internal nares -> Nasopharynx
Rhinoplasty
Surgical re-shaping of the nose
3 Functions of the Nose
- Warm, moisten & filter air
- Olfaction
- Speech (Structures aid in vocal resonance)
Pharynx
- Muscular tube lined by mucous membrane connecting nasal & oral cavities to larynx & pharynx
- Has 3 subdivisions
3 Subdivisions of the Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
- Connects throat to nasal cavity via internal nares
- Site of openings to auditory (Eustachian) tubes
- Contains pharyngeal tonsil (AKA “Adenoid”)
Oropharynx
- Middle portion of pharynx
- Communicates w/ oral cavity via the fauces
- Contains palatine tonsils in anterior lateral wall & lingual tonsils at base of tongue
- Tonsils = Part of immune system
Laryngopharynx
- AKA “Hypopharynx”
- Space between epiglottis/hyoid & mouth of esophagus
- Connects to larynx & esophagus
4 Functions of the Pharynx
- Common passage for air & food/drink
- Routes these substances to either larynx/trachea or esophagus
- Immune functions
- Vocal resonance
Larynx
- AKA “Voicebox”
- Passageway connecting pharynx to trachea
Thyroid Cartilage
- Apex of the larynx
- AKA “Adam’s apple”
- Located at anterior neck
- Contains thyrohyoid membrane (a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx; attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage)
3 Unpaired Cartilages in Larynx
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid Cartilage
Epiglottis
- Covers glottal opening of larynx during swallowing
- Glottis = true vocal cords (AKA “Vocal folds”) + rima glottidis
Cricoid Cartilage
Connects larynx to trachea via cricotracheal ligament
Tracheotomy
Incision of cricotracheal ligament
3 Paired Cartilages of the Larynx
- 2 Arytenoid Cartilages (Sites of attachment of true vocal cords & intrinsic laryngeal muscles)
- 2 Corniculate Cartilages
- 2 Cuneiform Cartilages