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BIOL1191 > Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves (Detailed Look) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves (Detailed Look) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Stem (3 Parts)

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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2
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Begins at foramen magnum

- Between spinal cord & pons

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3
Q

Medullary White Matter Tracts

A
  • Contains sensory tracts (ascending) + motor tracts (descending)
  • Both types of tracts run between spinal cord & higher brain centers
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4
Q

Pyramids

A

Bulges formed by corticospinal tracts

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5
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

Crossing over of pyramids occurs on anterior surface of lower medulla
*90% of upper motor neurons decussate

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6
Q

Medullary Gray Matter

A

-Contains nuclei that form the 3 Vital Centers:

  1. Cardiovascular Control
  2. Medullary Respiratory
  3. Reflex Centers
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7
Q

Cardiovascular Control Center

A

Regulates heart rate & force

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8
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center

A

Regulates rate of breathing

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9
Q

Reflex Centers

A

Control reflexes for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping & swallowing

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10
Q

Pair of Olives

A
  • Lateral to pyramids
  • Each olive contains an inferior olivary nucleus, for relaying proprioception info to cerebellum
  • Relays to cerebellum info fro, cerebral cortex & red nucleus
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11
Q

Right & Left Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei

A

Found in posterior medulla & concerned w/ fine touch, light pressure, vibration & proprioception

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12
Q

3 Other Medullary Nuclei

A
  1. Gustatory Nuclei
  2. Cochlear Nuclei
  3. Vestibular Nuclei

*Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves 8-12

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13
Q

4th Ventricle

A

Begins in medulla & continues into pons

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14
Q

Pontine White Matter

A
  • Contains ascending (sensory) & descending (motor) tracts
  • Contains tracts linking cerebellum & rest of CNS
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15
Q

Pontine Gray Matter

A
  • Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from primary motor cortex to the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum
  • Contains nuclei concerned w/ respiration
  • Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves 5-8
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16
Q

Pontine Reticular Formation

A

Reticular formation within the pons has a respiratory area: The Pontine Respiratory Group, which helps the medullary respiratory center to control breathing

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17
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Found between pons & diencephalon
  • Conduit for white matter tracts
  • Contains nuclei origin for oculomotor & trochlear nerves
  • Surrounds aqueduct of the midbrain (AKA “Cerebral Aqueduct”)
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18
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A
  • Contains motor fibers of:
    1. Corticospinal Tracts
    2. Corticopontine Tracts
    3. Corticobulbar Tracts

-Also contains 2nd order relay fibers that terminate in the thalamus, synapsing w/ 3rd order relay neurons that project to the somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs from cerebral cortex that terminate at a specific spinal cord segment

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20
Q

Corticopontine Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs that terminate in the pons, synapsing w/ LMNs that travel via cranial nerves to various skeletal muscles:

  1. Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal) -> Jaw Muscles
  2. Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial) -> Face Muscles
  3. Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal) -> Tongue Muscles
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21
Q

Corticobulbar Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs that terminate in the medulla, synapsing w/ LMNs via cranial nerves 3-7 & 9-12

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22
Q

3 Types of Gray Matter Nuclei

A
  1. Reflex Centers (within Tectum)
  2. Red Nuclei
  3. Substantia Nigra (Right & Left)
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23
Q

Reflex Centers (within Tectum)

A
  • 2 superior colliculi concerned w/ eye, head & trunk movements in response to visual stimuli
  • 2 inferior colliculi relay auditory information from cochlea to brain & concerned w/ startle reflex
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24
Q

Red Nuclei

A

Integrate info from cerebrum & cerebellum to regulate muscle tone & posture

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25
Q

Substantia Nigra (Right & Left)

A
  • Modify regulatory motor output of basal nuclei

- Dopaminergic pathway starts in substantia nigra & ends in basal nuclei

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26
Q

Motor Output of Basal Nuclei

A

Controls the pyramidal pathway, starting & stopping voluntary motor activity & setting kinetic motor tone

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27
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Net-like gray matter within white matter
  • Extends entire length of brain stem
  • Motor tracts maintain skeletal muscle tone, HR & BP, ventilation
  • Sensory tracts = RAS -> Cerebral Cortex
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28
Q

RAS (Reticular Activating System)

A

3 Functions:

  1. Maintain consciousness
  2. Prevent sensory overload
  3. Arousal from sleep
    - Sensory inputs from eyes, ears & skin
    - Melatonin & general anesthetics inactivate RAS
    - RAS damage -> Possible coma
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29
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Lies bellow cerebrum, separated from brain stem by 4th ventricle
  • Connected to brain stem by 3 sets of paired peduncles (white matter fiber tracts)
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30
Q

3 Sets of Paired Peduncles

A
  1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
  2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
  3. Superior Cerebella Peduncle
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31
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Tracts going to & from cerebellum including:

  • Sensory inputs w/ proprioception info from limbs & trunk
  • Sensory inputs w/ proprioception info about head
  • Inputs from inferior olivary nucleus
  • Outputs to vestibular nuclei
  • Outputs to reticular formation
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32
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Inputs w/ voluntary motor information from cerebral cortex

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33
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Outputs to red nucleus & thalamic nuclei -> primary motor cortex

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34
Q

Cerebellar Structure

A
  • 2 cerebellar hemispheres joined by the vermis (3 lobes per hemisphere)
  • Cerebellar cortex: Outer gray matter organized as ridges (“folia”)
  • Arbor vitae: Interior of cerebellum (white matter tracts & gray matter nuclei)
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35
Q

3 Lobes of the Cerebellar Hemispheres

A
  1. Anterior Lobe: Subconscious components of voluntary movement
  2. Posterior Lobe: Same as anterior
  3. Flocculo-nodular Lobe: Equilibrium
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36
Q

3 Functions of the Cerebellum

A
  1. Skeletal muscle coordination
  2. Maintenance of muscle tone, posture & balance
  3. Processing of sensory data
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37
Q

Skeletal Muscle Coordination

A
  • Function of the cerebellum
  • Inputs from primary motor cortex & basal nuclei integrated to produce smooth & graceful movements
  • Reconciliation of intended movements & actual movements
  • Memorize complex motor activities
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38
Q

Maintenance of Muscle Tone, Posture & Balance

A
  • Function of the cerebellum
  • Inputs: Vestibular apparatus of inner ear
  • Outputs: Muscles responsible for balance
  • Ataxia = Lack of coordination, can be caused by trauma, disease, intoxication, etc.
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39
Q

Processing of Sensory Data

A
  • Possible function of cerebellum
  • Connections between cerebellum & certain sensory association areas have conjectured roles in processing sensory info, cognition & learning
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40
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Switching & relay centers to integrate conscious & unconscious sensory & motor pathways
  • Consists of the Epithalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
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41
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Located above & behind the thalamus

- Contains the habenular nuclei & pineal gland

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42
Q

Habenular Nuclei

A

Responsible for emotional responses to olfactory stimulation

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43
Q

Pineal Gland

A

The source of melatonin (involved in circadian rhythm)

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Located in the floor of the 3rd ventricle
  • Helps maintain homeostasis
  • Has 12 nuclei
45
Q

7 Main Functions of the Hypothalamus

A
  1. ANS Control
  2. Hormone Production
  3. Emotions & Behavior
  4. Food Intake
  5. Water Intake
  6. Body Temperature
  7. Circadian Rhythm, Arousal & Sleep
46
Q

ANS Control

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus
  • Working via ANS nuclei, hypothalamus controls activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & many glands
  • Receives sensory inputs from controlled viscera
47
Q

Hormone Production

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus
  • Makes release-hormones & release-inhibiting hormones to control anterior pituitary (Delivered by hypophyseal portal system)
  • Synthesizes ADH & oxytocin, transported to posterior pituitary via hypothalamohypophyseal tract (Axons from paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei)
48
Q

Emotion & Behavior

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus

- Rage, aggression, pain, pleasure & sexual libido are all associated w/ the hypothalamus

49
Q

Food Intake

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus

- Controlled by the feeding center & satiety center

50
Q

Water Intake

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus

- Thirst center’s osmoreceptors respond to osmotic pressure of ECF

51
Q

Body Temperature

A
  • Function of the Hypothalamus
  • Monitors blood pressure
  • Excessive BP = Dermal vasodilation & sweating
  • Deficient BP = Dermal vasoconstriction & shivering
52
Q

Circadian Rhythm, Arousal & Sleep

A
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus sets circadian body rhythm, based on sleep-wake cycle
  • Afferent nerve fibers from the retinae indicate day vs. night
  • Efferent nerve fibers from the suprachiasmatic nucles to RAS = arousal/ to pineal gland = melatonin = sleep
53
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Oval-shaped halves, joined by interthalamic adhesion (AKA “intermediate mass”)
  • Gray matter of each half subdivided by Y-shaped white matter (“Internal Medullary Lamina”)
  • Forms sides of 3rd ventricle
  • Consists of gray matter nuclei & white matter tracts
  • Is the central relay for most sensory impulses traveling to cerebrum
  • Dispatches sensory impulses to appropriate part of cortex, except for smell (e.g., occipital lobe for vision)
  • Relays motor impulses from cerebellum & basal nuclei to primary motor cortex (frontal lobes)
  • Contains 7 groups of nuclei
54
Q

Internal Capsule

A

White matter tract connecting thalamus & cerebral cortex

55
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Responsible for consciousness, cognition, learning & memory
  • Consists of the Cerebral Hemispheres, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Nerve Tracts, Basal Nuclei & Limbic System
56
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Longitudinal fissure & falx cerebri divides the cerebrum into right & left cerebral hemispheres
  • Each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle
  • Each hemisphere consists of cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter & basal nuclei
57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Outer layer of cerebrum composed of gray matter
  • Surface convolutions = gyri
  • Gyri seperated by sulci and fissures
58
Q

3 Types of Cerebral Nerve Tracts

A
  1. Association Tracts
  2. Commissural Tracts
  3. Projection Tracts
59
Q

Association Tracts

A

Tracts that form connections within the same hemisphere

60
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Tracts that form connections between different hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)
*The anterior & posterior commissures are examples of other commissural tracts

61
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Links cortex w/ lower CNS parts

62
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
  • Consists of the Globus Pallidus, Putamen & Caudate Nucleus
  • Sometimes called the “Corpus Striatum”
  • Formerly called “Basal Ganglia”
63
Q

5 Functions of the Basal Nuclei

A
  1. Start/stop voluntary skeletal muscle movements (Caudate & Putamen)
  2. Set “Kinetic Motor Tone” (Caudate & Putamen); goal is to avoid both hypo- and hyperkinesia
  3. Regulate muscle tone (Globus Pallidus)
  4. Coordinate subconscious skeletal muscle movements associated w/ voluntary muscle activity
  5. Influence various cortical functions
64
Q

Motor Disorders Caused by Basal Nuclei Damage/ Disease

A
  1. Parkinson’s Disease
  2. Huntington’s Disease (Genetic disorder of GABA-releasing neurons that run from basal nuclei to substantia nigra)
  3. Sydenham’s chorea
  4. OCD, schizophrenia & chronic anxiety
65
Q

Limbic System

A

A network of encircling nerve tracts & structures of the Cerebrum, Diencephalon & Olfactory Bulbs (+Myelinated Tracts)

66
Q

Limbic System (4 Cerebral Structures)

A
  1. Limbic Lobe (Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal Gyrus & Hippocampus)
  2. Dentate Gyrus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Septal Nuclei
67
Q

Limbic System (3 Diencephalic Structures)

A
  1. Anterior Nucleus
  2. Medial Nucleus
  3. Mamillary Bodies
68
Q

Limbic System (Olfactory Bulbs + Myelinated Tracts)

A
  1. Fornix
  2. Stria Terminalis
  3. Stria Medullaris
  4. Medial Forebrain Bundle
  5. Mammillothalamic Tract
69
Q

Function of the Limbic System

A
  • To control visceral functions via ANS & endocrine hormones
  • Also concerned w/ deep emotions (e.g., rage, pleasure), learning & memory (hippocampus) + olfaction
  • Stimulation of Amygdala = Increased Aggression
  • Removal of Amygdala = Decresed Aggression
  • Stress = cortisol release, which damages hippocampus & amygdala
70
Q

4 Lobes of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Occipital Lobe
71
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in:

  • Olfaction
  • Voluntary motor function (primary motor cortex, pre-central gyrus)
  • Behavioral attributes
72
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus); sensory areas for general sensory input & taste
  • Other areas: object recognition, math skills & reading
73
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Direct olfactory input & indirect auditory input (for sound perception)
  • Involved in abstract thought, judgement & memory
74
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

-Contains primary visual area

75
Q

Insula

A
  • Lies within lateral cerebral sulcus, under P, F & T lobes
  • May be a 5th cerebral lobe
  • Is part of the Limbic System
  • Involved in cravings for food & drugs as well as emotions
76
Q

3 Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Sensory Areas
  2. Motor Areas
  3. Association Areas
77
Q

Sensory Areas

A

Areas involved in perception of particular sensations

*Sensation type perceived is related to area of brain stimulated

78
Q

5 Types of Sensory Areas

A
  1. Primary Somatosensory: For conscious proprioception & pain, tickle/itch, hot/cold, touch, pressure & vibration
  2. Primary Visual: Visual perception
  3. Primary Auditory: Auditory perception
  4. Primary Gustatory: Gustatory perception
  5. Primary Olfactory: Olfactory perception
79
Q

Motor Areas

A

Areas that initiate nerve impulses to control voluntary skeletal muscle activity

80
Q

2 Types of Motor Areas

A
  1. Primary Motor Area: Found on precentral gyrus, controls most voluntary skeletal muscle contraction
  2. Broca’s Motor Speech Area: Usually present on left frontal lobe, controls muscles of larynx, pharynx, lips, tongue, mouth & ventilation
81
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

E.g., Cerebral ischemia could lead to damage to primary motor cortex/ cerebellum, basal nuclei, etc.

82
Q

Non-fluent (Broca’s ) Aphasia

A

-Condition in which Broca’s area is damaged causing speech output to be severely reduced

83
Q

Association Areas

A

-Involved in learning, memory, intelligence, reasoning, judgement, artistic & creative ability & personality traits

84
Q

10 Examples of Association Areas

A
  1. Somatosensory Association
  2. Pre-frontal Cortex
  3. Visual Association
  4. Facial Recognition
  5. Auditory Association
  6. Wernicke’s Interpretive Speech
  7. Common Integrative
  8. Pre-Motor
  9. Frontal Eyefield
  10. Orbito-frontal Cortex
85
Q

Somatosensory Association Area

A
  • Processes inputs from primary somatosensory area, thalamus & other parts of the cerebrum
  • Determines object’s shape & texture w/o visual inputs (“stereognosis”)
  • Stores memories
86
Q

Pre-frontal Cortex

A
  • Processes inputs from cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus & cerebellum
  • Associated w/ personality, conscience, mood, foresight, planning, judgement & abstract thought
  • Damage can create a rude, moody personality w/o foresight
87
Q

Visual Association Area

A
  • Processes inputs from primary visual cortex & thalamus
  • Relates present & past experiences
  • Recognition of objects by sight
88
Q

Facial Recognition Area

A
  • Processes inputs from visual association area

- Stores info about facial features

89
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

-Responsible for sound recongition

90
Q

Wernicke’s Interpretive Speech Area

A
  • Left Hemisphere: Translates thoughts & language symbols
  • Right Hemisphere: Adds emotional content to language
91
Q

Common Integrative Area

A

-Integrates sensory interpretations from other association areas & sends info to other brain areas for the appropriate action

92
Q

Pre-motor Area

A
  • Linked to motor cortex, sensory association area, thalamus & basal nuclei
  • Initiates & remembers motor sequences
93
Q

Frontal Eyefield Area

A

-Responsible for voluntary eye scanning movements

94
Q

Orbito-frontal Cortex

A

-Responsible for odor identification

95
Q

Cerebral Cortex Mapping

A
  • The sensory homunculus & motor homunculus have the mapped arrangements of the different sensory & motor functions
  • The amount of cortex are mapped to a given body part depends on the number of afferent or efferent fibers connecting that body part to the brain
  • Reflection of sensory receptor density/motor unit size respectively
96
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A

A record of composite electrical activity of the brain at any given instant

97
Q

4 Types of Brain Wave Patterns

A
  1. Alpha Waves
  2. Beta Waves
  3. Theta Waves
  4. Delta Waves
98
Q

Alpha Waves

A
  • Frequency: 8-13 Hz
  • Seen in resting person w/ closed eyes
  • Disappears during sleep
99
Q

Beta Waves

A
  • Frequency: 14-30 Hz
  • Seen when eyes are open
  • Seen during mental activity/sensory input
100
Q

Theta Waves

A
  • Frequency: 4-7 Hz
  • Associated w/ deep relaxation & meditation
  • Seen in frustrated children & adults, or in brain disorders
101
Q

Delta Waves

A
  • Frequency: 1-5 Hz (“Slow Waves”)
  • Seen during deep sleep in adults & children
  • Normal in awake infants
  • Seen in waking brain damaged older children & adults
102
Q

Flat EEG

A

Diagnosis for brain death

103
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A

When right/left hemispheres specialize in some tasks

104
Q

Hemispheric Dominance

A
  • Left hemisphere once considered “dominant” because it controls language, analytical skills & reasoning
  • Right hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, pattern perception & creative abilities
  • Is considered an outdated term
105
Q

Lateralization of Speech Centers

A
  • Wernicke’s & Broca’s speech areas are usually on the left hemisphere; damage can cause fluent & non-fluent aphasia respectively
  • Right hemispheres in most people add emotional content to speech
106
Q

Fluent (Wernicke’s ) Aphasia

A

-Connection in which Wernicke’s Area is damaged, causing speech to be a disconnected string of words w/o meaning (“word salad”)

107
Q

Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei Pathway

A

1st order sensory fibers ascend via gracile & cuneate nuclei tracts (posterior white columns) -> gracile & cuneate nuclei (1st order sensory neuronal fibers synapse w/ 2nd order relay neurons) -> decussate in medulla, ascend -> medial lemniscus pathway -> thalamus (2nd order relay neuronal fibers synapse w/ 3rd order relay neuronal neurons) -> primary somatosensory cortex

BIOL1191 (13 decks)

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