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BIOL1191 > Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves (Detailed Look) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves (Detailed Look) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Stem (3 Parts)

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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2
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Begins at foramen magnum

- Between spinal cord & pons

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3
Q

Medullary White Matter Tracts

A
  • Contains sensory tracts (ascending) + motor tracts (descending)
  • Both types of tracts run between spinal cord & higher brain centers
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4
Q

Pyramids

A

Bulges formed by corticospinal tracts

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5
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

Crossing over of pyramids occurs on anterior surface of lower medulla
*90% of upper motor neurons decussate

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6
Q

Medullary Gray Matter

A

-Contains nuclei that form the 3 Vital Centers:

  1. Cardiovascular Control
  2. Medullary Respiratory
  3. Reflex Centers
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7
Q

Cardiovascular Control Center

A

Regulates heart rate & force

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8
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center

A

Regulates rate of breathing

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9
Q

Reflex Centers

A

Control reflexes for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping & swallowing

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10
Q

Pair of Olives

A
  • Lateral to pyramids
  • Each olive contains an inferior olivary nucleus, for relaying proprioception info to cerebellum
  • Relays to cerebellum info fro, cerebral cortex & red nucleus
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11
Q

Right & Left Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei

A

Found in posterior medulla & concerned w/ fine touch, light pressure, vibration & proprioception

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12
Q

3 Other Medullary Nuclei

A
  1. Gustatory Nuclei
  2. Cochlear Nuclei
  3. Vestibular Nuclei

*Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves 8-12

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13
Q

4th Ventricle

A

Begins in medulla & continues into pons

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14
Q

Pontine White Matter

A
  • Contains ascending (sensory) & descending (motor) tracts
  • Contains tracts linking cerebellum & rest of CNS
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15
Q

Pontine Gray Matter

A
  • Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from primary motor cortex to the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum
  • Contains nuclei concerned w/ respiration
  • Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves 5-8
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16
Q

Pontine Reticular Formation

A

Reticular formation within the pons has a respiratory area: The Pontine Respiratory Group, which helps the medullary respiratory center to control breathing

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17
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Found between pons & diencephalon
  • Conduit for white matter tracts
  • Contains nuclei origin for oculomotor & trochlear nerves
  • Surrounds aqueduct of the midbrain (AKA “Cerebral Aqueduct”)
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18
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A
  • Contains motor fibers of:
    1. Corticospinal Tracts
    2. Corticopontine Tracts
    3. Corticobulbar Tracts

-Also contains 2nd order relay fibers that terminate in the thalamus, synapsing w/ 3rd order relay neurons that project to the somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs from cerebral cortex that terminate at a specific spinal cord segment

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20
Q

Corticopontine Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs that terminate in the pons, synapsing w/ LMNs that travel via cranial nerves to various skeletal muscles:

  1. Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal) -> Jaw Muscles
  2. Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial) -> Face Muscles
  3. Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal) -> Tongue Muscles
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21
Q

Corticobulbar Tracts

A

Bundles of UMNs that terminate in the medulla, synapsing w/ LMNs via cranial nerves 3-7 & 9-12

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22
Q

3 Types of Gray Matter Nuclei

A
  1. Reflex Centers (within Tectum)
  2. Red Nuclei
  3. Substantia Nigra (Right & Left)
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23
Q

Reflex Centers (within Tectum)

A
  • 2 superior colliculi concerned w/ eye, head & trunk movements in response to visual stimuli
  • 2 inferior colliculi relay auditory information from cochlea to brain & concerned w/ startle reflex
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24
Q

Red Nuclei

A

Integrate info from cerebrum & cerebellum to regulate muscle tone & posture

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25
Substantia Nigra (Right & Left)
- Modify regulatory motor output of basal nuclei | - Dopaminergic pathway starts in substantia nigra & ends in basal nuclei
26
Motor Output of Basal Nuclei
Controls the pyramidal pathway, starting & stopping voluntary motor activity & setting kinetic motor tone
27
Reticular Formation
- Net-like gray matter within white matter - Extends entire length of brain stem - Motor tracts maintain skeletal muscle tone, HR & BP, ventilation - Sensory tracts = RAS -> Cerebral Cortex
28
RAS (Reticular Activating System)
3 Functions: 1. Maintain consciousness 2. Prevent sensory overload 3. Arousal from sleep - Sensory inputs from eyes, ears & skin - Melatonin & general anesthetics inactivate RAS - RAS damage -> Possible coma
29
Cerebellum
- Lies bellow cerebrum, separated from brain stem by 4th ventricle - Connected to brain stem by 3 sets of paired peduncles (white matter fiber tracts)
30
3 Sets of Paired Peduncles
1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle 2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle 3. Superior Cerebella Peduncle
31
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Tracts going to & from cerebellum including: - Sensory inputs w/ proprioception info from limbs & trunk - Sensory inputs w/ proprioception info about head - Inputs from inferior olivary nucleus - Outputs to vestibular nuclei - Outputs to reticular formation
32
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Inputs w/ voluntary motor information from cerebral cortex
33
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Outputs to red nucleus & thalamic nuclei -> primary motor cortex
34
Cerebellar Structure
- 2 cerebellar hemispheres joined by the vermis (3 lobes per hemisphere) - Cerebellar cortex: Outer gray matter organized as ridges ("folia") - Arbor vitae: Interior of cerebellum (white matter tracts & gray matter nuclei)
35
3 Lobes of the Cerebellar Hemispheres
1. Anterior Lobe: Subconscious components of voluntary movement 2. Posterior Lobe: Same as anterior 3. Flocculo-nodular Lobe: Equilibrium
36
3 Functions of the Cerebellum
1. Skeletal muscle coordination 2. Maintenance of muscle tone, posture & balance 3. Processing of sensory data
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Skeletal Muscle Coordination
- Function of the cerebellum - Inputs from primary motor cortex & basal nuclei integrated to produce smooth & graceful movements - Reconciliation of intended movements & actual movements - Memorize complex motor activities
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Maintenance of Muscle Tone, Posture & Balance
- Function of the cerebellum - Inputs: Vestibular apparatus of inner ear - Outputs: Muscles responsible for balance * Ataxia = Lack of coordination, can be caused by trauma, disease, intoxication, etc.
39
Processing of Sensory Data
- Possible function of cerebellum - Connections between cerebellum & certain sensory association areas have conjectured roles in processing sensory info, cognition & learning
40
Diencephalon
- Switching & relay centers to integrate conscious & unconscious sensory & motor pathways - Consists of the Epithalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
41
Epithalamus
- Located above & behind the thalamus | - Contains the habenular nuclei & pineal gland
42
Habenular Nuclei
Responsible for emotional responses to olfactory stimulation
43
Pineal Gland
The source of melatonin (involved in circadian rhythm)
44
Hypothalamus
- Located in the floor of the 3rd ventricle - Helps maintain homeostasis - Has 12 nuclei
45
7 Main Functions of the Hypothalamus
1. ANS Control 2. Hormone Production 3. Emotions & Behavior 4. Food Intake 5. Water Intake 6. Body Temperature 7. Circadian Rhythm, Arousal & Sleep
46
ANS Control
- Function of the Hypothalamus - Working via ANS nuclei, hypothalamus controls activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & many glands - Receives sensory inputs from controlled viscera
47
Hormone Production
- Function of the Hypothalamus - Makes release-hormones & release-inhibiting hormones to control anterior pituitary (Delivered by hypophyseal portal system) - Synthesizes ADH & oxytocin, transported to posterior pituitary via hypothalamohypophyseal tract (Axons from paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei)
48
Emotion & Behavior
- Function of the Hypothalamus | - Rage, aggression, pain, pleasure & sexual libido are all associated w/ the hypothalamus
49
Food Intake
- Function of the Hypothalamus | - Controlled by the feeding center & satiety center
50
Water Intake
- Function of the Hypothalamus | - Thirst center's osmoreceptors respond to osmotic pressure of ECF
51
Body Temperature
- Function of the Hypothalamus - Monitors blood pressure - Excessive BP = Dermal vasodilation & sweating - Deficient BP = Dermal vasoconstriction & shivering
52
Circadian Rhythm, Arousal & Sleep
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus sets circadian body rhythm, based on sleep-wake cycle - Afferent nerve fibers from the retinae indicate day vs. night - Efferent nerve fibers from the suprachiasmatic nucles to RAS = arousal/ to pineal gland = melatonin = sleep
53
Thalamus
- Oval-shaped halves, joined by interthalamic adhesion (AKA "intermediate mass") * Gray matter of each half subdivided by Y-shaped white matter ("Internal Medullary Lamina") - Forms sides of 3rd ventricle - Consists of gray matter nuclei & white matter tracts - Is the central relay for most sensory impulses traveling to cerebrum - Dispatches sensory impulses to appropriate part of cortex, except for smell (e.g., occipital lobe for vision) - Relays motor impulses from cerebellum & basal nuclei to primary motor cortex (frontal lobes) - Contains 7 groups of nuclei
54
Internal Capsule
White matter tract connecting thalamus & cerebral cortex
55
Cerebrum
- Responsible for consciousness, cognition, learning & memory - Consists of the Cerebral Hemispheres, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Nerve Tracts, Basal Nuclei & Limbic System
56
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Longitudinal fissure & falx cerebri divides the cerebrum into right & left cerebral hemispheres - Each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle - Each hemisphere consists of cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter & basal nuclei
57
Cerebral Cortex
- Outer layer of cerebrum composed of gray matter - Surface convolutions = gyri - Gyri seperated by sulci and fissures
58
3 Types of Cerebral Nerve Tracts
1. Association Tracts 2. Commissural Tracts 3. Projection Tracts
59
Association Tracts
Tracts that form connections within the same hemisphere
60
Commissural Tracts
Tracts that form connections between different hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum) *The anterior & posterior commissures are examples of other commissural tracts
61
Projection Tracts
Links cortex w/ lower CNS parts
62
Basal Nuclei
- Consists of the Globus Pallidus, Putamen & Caudate Nucleus - Sometimes called the "Corpus Striatum" - Formerly called "Basal Ganglia"
63
5 Functions of the Basal Nuclei
1. Start/stop voluntary skeletal muscle movements (Caudate & Putamen) 2. Set "Kinetic Motor Tone" (Caudate & Putamen); goal is to avoid both hypo- and hyperkinesia 3. Regulate muscle tone (Globus Pallidus) 4. Coordinate subconscious skeletal muscle movements associated w/ voluntary muscle activity 5. Influence various cortical functions
64
Motor Disorders Caused by Basal Nuclei Damage/ Disease
1. Parkinson's Disease 2. Huntington's Disease (Genetic disorder of GABA-releasing neurons that run from basal nuclei to substantia nigra) 3. Sydenham's chorea 4. OCD, schizophrenia & chronic anxiety
65
Limbic System
A network of encircling nerve tracts & structures of the Cerebrum, Diencephalon & Olfactory Bulbs (+Myelinated Tracts)
66
Limbic System (4 Cerebral Structures)
1. Limbic Lobe (Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal Gyrus & Hippocampus) 2. Dentate Gyrus 3. Amygdala 4. Septal Nuclei
67
Limbic System (3 Diencephalic Structures)
1. Anterior Nucleus 2. Medial Nucleus 3. Mamillary Bodies
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Limbic System (Olfactory Bulbs + Myelinated Tracts)
1. Fornix 2. Stria Terminalis 3. Stria Medullaris 4. Medial Forebrain Bundle 5. Mammillothalamic Tract
69
Function of the Limbic System
- To control visceral functions via ANS & endocrine hormones - Also concerned w/ deep emotions (e.g., rage, pleasure), learning & memory (hippocampus) + olfaction * Stimulation of Amygdala = Increased Aggression * Removal of Amygdala = Decresed Aggression * Stress = cortisol release, which damages hippocampus & amygdala
70
4 Lobes of the Cerebrum
1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Occipital Lobe
71
Frontal Lobe
Involved in: - Olfaction - Voluntary motor function (primary motor cortex, pre-central gyrus) - Behavioral attributes
72
Parietal Lobe
- Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus); sensory areas for general sensory input & taste - Other areas: object recognition, math skills & reading
73
Temporal Lobe
- Direct olfactory input & indirect auditory input (for sound perception) - Involved in abstract thought, judgement & memory
74
Occipital Lobe
-Contains primary visual area
75
Insula
- Lies within lateral cerebral sulcus, under P, F & T lobes - May be a 5th cerebral lobe - Is part of the Limbic System - Involved in cravings for food & drugs as well as emotions
76
3 Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
1. Sensory Areas 2. Motor Areas 3. Association Areas
77
Sensory Areas
Areas involved in perception of particular sensations | *Sensation type perceived is related to area of brain stimulated
78
5 Types of Sensory Areas
1. Primary Somatosensory: For conscious proprioception & pain, tickle/itch, hot/cold, touch, pressure & vibration 2. Primary Visual: Visual perception 3. Primary Auditory: Auditory perception 4. Primary Gustatory: Gustatory perception 5. Primary Olfactory: Olfactory perception
79
Motor Areas
Areas that initiate nerve impulses to control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
80
2 Types of Motor Areas
1. Primary Motor Area: Found on precentral gyrus, controls most voluntary skeletal muscle contraction 2. Broca's Motor Speech Area: Usually present on left frontal lobe, controls muscles of larynx, pharynx, lips, tongue, mouth & ventilation
81
Cerebral Palsy
E.g., Cerebral ischemia could lead to damage to primary motor cortex/ cerebellum, basal nuclei, etc.
82
Non-fluent (Broca's ) Aphasia
-Condition in which Broca's area is damaged causing speech output to be severely reduced
83
Association Areas
-Involved in learning, memory, intelligence, reasoning, judgement, artistic & creative ability & personality traits
84
10 Examples of Association Areas
1. Somatosensory Association 2. Pre-frontal Cortex 3. Visual Association 4. Facial Recognition 5. Auditory Association 6. Wernicke's Interpretive Speech 7. Common Integrative 8. Pre-Motor 9. Frontal Eyefield 10. Orbito-frontal Cortex
85
Somatosensory Association Area
- Processes inputs from primary somatosensory area, thalamus & other parts of the cerebrum - Determines object's shape & texture w/o visual inputs ("stereognosis") - Stores memories
86
Pre-frontal Cortex
- Processes inputs from cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus & cerebellum - Associated w/ personality, conscience, mood, foresight, planning, judgement & abstract thought * Damage can create a rude, moody personality w/o foresight
87
Visual Association Area
- Processes inputs from primary visual cortex & thalamus - Relates present & past experiences - Recognition of objects by sight
88
Facial Recognition Area
- Processes inputs from visual association area | - Stores info about facial features
89
Auditory Association Area
-Responsible for sound recongition
90
Wernicke's Interpretive Speech Area
- Left Hemisphere: Translates thoughts & language symbols - Right Hemisphere: Adds emotional content to language
91
Common Integrative Area
-Integrates sensory interpretations from other association areas & sends info to other brain areas for the appropriate action
92
Pre-motor Area
- Linked to motor cortex, sensory association area, thalamus & basal nuclei - Initiates & remembers motor sequences
93
Frontal Eyefield Area
-Responsible for voluntary eye scanning movements
94
Orbito-frontal Cortex
-Responsible for odor identification
95
Cerebral Cortex Mapping
- The sensory homunculus & motor homunculus have the mapped arrangements of the different sensory & motor functions - The amount of cortex are mapped to a given body part depends on the number of afferent or efferent fibers connecting that body part to the brain - Reflection of sensory receptor density/motor unit size respectively
96
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
A record of composite electrical activity of the brain at any given instant
97
4 Types of Brain Wave Patterns
1. Alpha Waves 2. Beta Waves 3. Theta Waves 4. Delta Waves
98
Alpha Waves
- Frequency: 8-13 Hz - Seen in resting person w/ closed eyes - Disappears during sleep
99
Beta Waves
- Frequency: 14-30 Hz - Seen when eyes are open - Seen during mental activity/sensory input
100
Theta Waves
- Frequency: 4-7 Hz - Associated w/ deep relaxation & meditation - Seen in frustrated children & adults, or in brain disorders
101
Delta Waves
- Frequency: 1-5 Hz ("Slow Waves") - Seen during deep sleep in adults & children - Normal in awake infants - Seen in waking brain damaged older children & adults
102
Flat EEG
Diagnosis for brain death
103
Hemispheric Lateralization
When right/left hemispheres specialize in some tasks
104
Hemispheric Dominance
- Left hemisphere once considered "dominant" because it controls language, analytical skills & reasoning - Right hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, pattern perception & creative abilities * Is considered an outdated term
105
Lateralization of Speech Centers
- Wernicke's & Broca's speech areas are usually on the left hemisphere; damage can cause fluent & non-fluent aphasia respectively - Right hemispheres in most people add emotional content to speech
106
Fluent (Wernicke's ) Aphasia
-Connection in which Wernicke's Area is damaged, causing speech to be a disconnected string of words w/o meaning ("word salad")
107
Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei Pathway
1st order sensory fibers ascend via gracile & cuneate nuclei tracts (posterior white columns) -> gracile & cuneate nuclei (1st order sensory neuronal fibers synapse w/ 2nd order relay neurons) -> decussate in medulla, ascend -> medial lemniscus pathway -> thalamus (2nd order relay neuronal fibers synapse w/ 3rd order relay neuronal neurons) -> primary somatosensory cortex

BIOL1191 (13 decks)

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