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BIOL1191 > Chapter 28 - Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction

A

Process by which new individuals of a species are produced & genetic material is passed from generation to generation

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2
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads; suspended in scrotum

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3
Q

Scrotum

A
  • AKA “Scrotal sacs”
  • Keeps testes at 34-35 C
  • If colder than 34 C, contraction of cremaster muscles raises testes + contraction of dartos muscle reduces volume of pouches
  • If warmer than 35 C, sperm cell survival decreases; cremaster & dartos muscles relax
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4
Q

Scrotal Septum

A

Fascia of dartos muscle

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5
Q

Dartos Muscle

A

SubQ smooth muscle

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6
Q

Raphe

A

External median ridge of the scrotum

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7
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Condition in which testes do not descend into scrotum -> sterility & increased risk of cancer

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8
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A

Membrane sheath covering testis

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9
Q

Hydrocele

A

Excessive fluid within tunica vaginalis

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10
Q

2 Functions of the Testes

A
  1. Sperm cell production (Done by seminiferous tubules)

2. Testosterone production (Done by Leydig cells)

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11
Q

Tunica Albuginea (Male)

A

Has septa which divides testes into lobules

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12
Q

Duct System within Testes

A

Seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ducts -> epididymis

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13
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Very long coiled tubule outside each testis

- Function: Sperm transport, maturation & storage

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14
Q

Histology of the Epididymis Wall (3 Layers)

A
  1. Mucosa: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia + lamina propria
  2. Muscularis: Smooth muscle; propels sperm into ductus deferens via peristalsis
  3. Adventitia: Outermost covering
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15
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

-AKA “Vas Deferens”
=A tubule that starts at epididymis & ascends into body cavity via inguinal canal
-Function: Stores & conducts sperm from epididymis toward urethra

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16
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

=Ductus deferens, blood & lymph vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves

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17
Q

Histology of the Ductus Deferens Wall

A
  1. Mucosa: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium + lamina propria
  2. Muscularis: Inner + outer = longitudinal; middle = circular
  3. Adventitia: Outermost covering
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18
Q

Ampulla (Ductus Deferens)

A
  • Dilated terminal portion of ductus deferens

- Joins seminal vesicle duct -> ejaculatory duct to prostatic urethra

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19
Q

Varicocele

A

Dilation of testicular veins; a major cause of male infertility

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20
Q

Vasectomy

A

Cutting of the ductus deferens; results in sterilization + development of immunity to sperm cells

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21
Q

Vasovasostomy

A

Reversal procedure for a vasectomy

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22
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A
  • A union of a ductus deferens w/ a duct from a seminal vesicle
  • Function: Receives/mixes sperm cells & seceretions of seminal vesicle + eject the mixture into prostatic urethra
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23
Q

Urethra (Male)

A

A tube shared by both urinary & reproductive systems in males

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24
Q

3 Divisions of the Male Urethra

A
  1. Prostatic Urethra: Runs along prostate
  2. Intermediate Urethra: Passes through urogenital diaphragm
  3. Spongy Urethra: Runs within the corpus spongiosum; leads to the external urethral orifice
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25
Q

3 Functions of the Male Urethra

A
  1. Conduct sperm from ejaculatory duct to exterior via penis
  2. Receives secretions of prostate gland, seminal vesicles & bulbourethral glands
  3. Excretes urine
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26
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • 2 Glands that secrete viscous alkaline fluid
  • Alkaline fluid made of glucose, prostaglandins & semen clotting protein
  • Alkaline pH neutralizes acids
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27
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • Found below urinary bladder
  • Increases size at puberty
  • Second growth spurt at around 45 years of age (Ratio of free testosterone/total estradiol falls by 50%)
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28
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of the prostate gland

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29
Q

3 Components of Prostatic Secretions

A
  1. Citric Acid: Makes ATP for sperm cells
  2. Enzymes: Prostate specific antigen (digests semen clotting proteins), acid phosphatase, pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluronidase
  3. Seminalplasmin: An antibiotic agent
    * Prostatic ducts carry secretions to urethra
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30
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A
  • AKA “Cowper’s Glands”

- Secrete alkaline fluid + mucous into spongy urethra

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31
Q

Penis

A

=Male organ of copulation

  • Contains spongy erectile tissue
  • Filling of blood sinuses -> erection
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32
Q

Semen

A

=Mixture of sperm + seminal fluid

  • Seminal fluid produced by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
  • Volume of ejaculate = 2.5 -5.0 mL x 150 mil. sperm/mL
  • pH of semen = 7.2 -7.7
  • Clots & reliquifies
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33
Q

3 Parts of the Penis

A
  1. Root
  2. Body/ Shaft
  3. Glans Penis
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34
Q

Root (Penis)

A

=Bulb + crura

  • Bulb attaches to urogenital diaphragm via bulbospongiosus muscle (Aids ejaculation)
  • Crura attach to ischiopubic rami via ischicavernosus muscles (Aids erection)
  • Also has fundiform & suspensory ligaments
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35
Q

Body/ Shaft (Penis)

A
  1. Corpora Cavernosa: Dorsolateral cylinders

2. Corpus Spongiosum: Midventral cylinder; extends to glans penis; surrounds spongy urethra; contains tunica albuginea

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36
Q

Glans Penis

A
  • Enlarged distal part of corpus spongiosum
  • Corona = Circumference of glans penis
  • External urethral orifice = Hole leading to body exterior
  • Prepuce = Foreskin
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37
Q

Circumcision

A

Surgical removal of foreskin

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38
Q

Male Erection

A
  • Parasympathetic fibers release nitric oxide (NO)

- NO relaxes blood sinus walls & vasodilates feed arterioles -> sinus expansion & penile vein compression

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39
Q

Impotency

A

Erectile dysfunction

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40
Q

Priapism

A

Persistent, prolonged, painful erection

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41
Q

Penile Emission

A

Peristalsis of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct & prostate = emission

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42
Q

ANS Control of Erection & Ejaculation

A
  • Parasympathetic dishcarge = erection

- Sympathetic discharge = ejaculation

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43
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • Rhythmic contraction of male reproductive tubules, ducts & glands which eject semen through spongy urethra to exterior
  • After ejaculation, erection is lost
  • Blood sinus walls contract & feed arterioles constrict -> decompression of penile veins
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44
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division restricted to sexual gamete production & involves 2 successive nuclear divisions that result in daughter cells w/ haploid no. of chromosomes

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45
Q

Mitosis

A

Human somatic cell division that ends w/ each daughter cell having a diploid no. of chromosomes

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46
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Primordial cells of yolk sac -> seminiferous tubules & become spermatogonia
  • Spermatogonia become active at puberty
  • Prior to mitosis, spermatogomium goes through “S” phase; each chromosome = 2 sister chromatids
  • Spermatogonium -> 1 Primary spermatocyte & 1 Daughter cell spermatogonium
  • Daughter spermatogonium = stem cell reserve
  • Prior to meiosis 1, Primary spermatocyte goes through “S” phase; each has 46 duplicated chromosomes
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47
Q

Meiosis 1 (Sperm)

A
  • AKA “Reduction Division” of primary spermatocyte
  • 1 Primary spermatocyte (diploid) -> 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
  • 2 recombination events:
    1. Independent Assortment: Formation of tetrads
    2. Crossing Over: Exchanging genetic info from tetrads
  • Prior to meiosis 2, no “S” phase occurs
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48
Q

Meiosis 2 (Sperm)

A
  • AKA “Equatorial Division” of secondary spermatocytes
  • 2 secondary spermatocytes -> 4 spermatids (haploid)
  • A mitosis starting w/ 23 duplicated chromosomes
  • Each sister chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome
  • Has cytoplasmic bridges (incomplete cytokinesis)
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49
Q

Spermiogenesis

A
  • Final stage of spermatogenesis
  • 1 spermatid -> 1 spermatozoan
  • Spermatogenesis: 1 primary spermatocyte = 4 haploid spermatozoa
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50
Q

Sustentacular Cells

A
  • AKA “Nurse Cells”/ “Sertoli Cells”
  • Form the blood-testis barrier
  • Joined together by tight junctions
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51
Q

7 Functions of the Blood-testis Barrier

A
  1. Support, nourish & regulate spermatogenic cells (since sperm cells are immunogenic)
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Spermiation
  4. Produce fluid to float sperm cells
  5. Secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH release)
  6. Receive testosterone & FSH signals
  7. Secrete androgen-binding protein
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52
Q

Mature Sperm Cells

A
  • AKA “Spermatozoa”
  • 2 Parts: Head & Tail
  • Function to fertilize secondary oocyte
  • Life expectancy in female reproductive tract = 48 hours
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53
Q

3 Steps of Fertilization

A
  1. Penetration of secondary oocyte cell membrane by sperm cell head
  2. Completion of meiosis 2 -> 1 ovum + 1 polar body
  3. Syngamy = Fusion of sperm cell pronucleus w/ ovum pronucleus -> zygote
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54
Q

Head of the Sperm Cell (2 Parts)

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Acrosome w/ proteinase & hyaluronidase enzymes

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55
Q

Tail of the Sperm Cell (4 Parts)

A
  1. Neck contains centrioles -> microtubules
  2. Midpiece (AKA “Middle Piece”) w/ mitochondria -> ATP
  3. Principal piece = Flagellum (9+2)
  4. End piece
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56
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Testes

A
  • Hypothalamus -> gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -> stimulation of anterior pituitary ->
    1. FSH: Leads to spermatogenesis
    2. LH: Stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells
57
Q

Analogue of Testosterone

A
  • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 5-Alpha reductase enzyme converts testosterone into DHT
  • Testosterone & DHT both bind to same androgen receptor (But has a higher affinity for DHT)
58
Q

6 Functions of Testosterone & Analogues

A
  1. Development of male reproductive systems
  2. Testicular descent
  3. Development of male external genitalia
  4. Prenatal development of hypothalamus’ GnRH production & brain regions concerned w/ sex drive
  5. Sperm maturation in testes & epididymis
  6. Development/ maintenance of secondary male sex characteristics
  • Testosterone is converted to estrogen (estradiol) in brain (by aromatase)
  • Androgens -> libido in males & females
  • Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP keeps testosterone levels high in seminiferous tubules)
59
Q

5 Types of Secondary Male Sex Characteristics

A
  1. Muscular & skeletal growth (anabolic)
  2. Closure of epiphyseal plates (18-21 years of age)
  3. Facial, chest, axillary & pubic hair growth
  4. Larynx & vocal cord enlargement
  5. Acne & body odor
60
Q

Negative Feedback Controls (2 Types-Males)

A
  1. Testosterone inhibits both GnRH & LH secretion

2. Inhibin directly inhibits FSH release; released when spermatogenesis is adequate

61
Q

Ovaries

A

=Female gonads

  • Has 3 supporting ligaments
  • Hilum = exit point for blood & lymphatic vessels
62
Q

3 Supporting Ligaments of the Ovaries

A
  1. Broad Ligament: Part of parietal peritoneum; extends to mesovarium
  2. Ovarian Ligament: Runs from ovary to uterus
  3. Suspensory Ligament: Runs from ovary to pelvic wall
63
Q

4 Parts of The Ovary

A
  1. Germinal Epithelium: In embryo, progenitor cells of oogonia from yolk sac move to interior of ovary
  2. Tunica albuginea: CT capsule
  3. Stroma: Cortex = dense CT; medulla = loose CT
  4. Ovarian Follicles & Derivatives
64
Q

4 Types of Ovarian Follicles

A
  1. Primordial Follicles
  2. Primary Follicles
  3. Secondary Follicles
  4. Graafian (AKA “Mature”) Follicles
  • These 4 types show primary oocytes + follicular cells
  • Follicular cells of primary, secondary & tertiary follicles =granulosa cells; produce estrogens
  • Before ovulation, primary oocyte of Graafian follicle -> secondary oocyte + polar body
65
Q

Thecal Cells

A

Cells that surround granulosa cells

66
Q

Antrum

A
  • A cavity filled w/ follicular fluid

- Present in Graafian & secondary follicles

67
Q

2 Types of Ovarian Derivatives

A
  1. Corpus Luteum: Formed from Graafian follicle after ovulation; secretes porgesterone, estrogen, relaxin & inhibin
  2. Corpus Albicans: White scar
68
Q

2 Functions of the Ovaries

A
  1. Production & discharging of secondary oocyte

2. Secrete hormones

69
Q

Production & Discharging of Secondary Oocyte

A
  • Oogenesis begins during fetal period
  • Primordial cels from yolk sac -> ovaries & differentiate into oogonia
  • In infant, each ovary contains up to 2 mil. follicles
  • By puberty, around 40k follicles
  • Only around 400 fillicles mature
70
Q

4 Primary Female Hormones

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Progesterone
  3. Inhibin
  4. Relaxin
71
Q

Estrogens (4 Functions)

A
  1. Development /maintenance of primary & secondary female sex characteristics
  2. Inhibition of GnRH, FSH & LH secretion
  3. Protein anabolism
  4. Lower blood cholesterol

*Estradiol, estrone & estriol are the 3 estrogens

72
Q

5 Types of Secondary Female Sex Characteristics

A
  1. Body hair distribution (axillary & pubic hair)
  2. Fat distribution
  3. Pelvic enlargement
  4. Mammary gland development & enlargement
  5. Pitch of voice
73
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Made by corpus luteum
  • Progestational hormone
  • Prepares endometrium for implantation
  • Prepares mammary glands for lactation
  • Inhibits GnRH & LH secretion (high blood levels)
74
Q

Inhibin

A
  • Made by secondary follicles & corpus luteum

- Blocks FSH release (post-ovulation: inhibits any further follicle development)

75
Q

Relaxin

A
  • Increases sperm motility
  • Inhibits uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy
  • At parturition, relaxes pubic symphysis & helps to dilate uterine cervix
76
Q

Oogenesis

A

Oogonium -> Primary oocyte -> Secondary oocyte -> Ovum

77
Q

Development of Ovarian Follicles

A

Primordial follicle -> Primary follicle -> Secondary follicle -> Graafian follicle -> Release fo secondary oocyte

78
Q

8 Phases of Oogenesis & the Ovarian Cycle

A
  1. Beginning of Oogenesis
  2. Prophase 1/ Start of Meiosis 1
  3. Formation of Primary Follicles
  4. Development of Secondary Follicles
  5. Graafian Follicle Development
  6. Completion of Meiosis 1
  7. Meiosis 2
  8. Ovulation
79
Q

Beginning of Oogenesis

A

Beginning around 3rd month of fetal life, mitosis of each oogonium (diploid) -> 2 primary oocytes (diploid)

80
Q

Prophase 1/ Start of Meiosis 1 (Oogenesis)

A
  • During gestational months, meiosis 1 begins, but stops at prophase 1
  • No further development of primary oocyte until AFTER puberty
  • Primordial follicle = primary oocyte within simple squamous epith.
81
Q

Formation of Primary Follicles

A
  • Starting at puberty, each month several primary oocytes stimulated by FSH -> Primary follicles (stratified cuboidal/low columnar epith. surrounding primary oocyte)
  • Zona pellucida forms around primary oocyte
  • Outside zona pellucida are the granulosa cells (follicular cells)
  • Around granulosa cells, stromal cells -> thecal cell layer (theca folliculi)
82
Q

Development of Secondary Follicles

A
  • Thecal cell layer differentiates into 2 layers:
    1. Theca Interna: Inner layer; produces androgens which are converted to estrogen by aromatase enzyme from granulosa cells
    2. Theca Externa: Outer layer; aids in rupture of mature oocyte
  • Follicular fluid accumulates in antrum between cell layers
83
Q

Graafian Follicle Development

A
  • By day 8-10 of ovarian cycle, usually only one secondary follicle develops further
  • By day 10-14, has become a Graafian follicle
  • In Graafian follicle, primary oocyte w. surrounding zona pellucida & corona radiata projects into antrum
84
Q

Completion of Meiosis 1

A
  • As LH increases, meiosis 1 resumes in primary oocyte (diploid, duplicated chromosomes) in Graafian -> one secondary oocyte (haploid, duplicated) & one polar body (haploid, duplicated)
  • Secondary oocyte has most of cytoplasm
85
Q

Meiosis 2 (Oogenesis)

A
  • Secondary oocyte enters meiosis 2, but is arrested at metaphase 2
  • Only completed if secondary oocyte membrane is penetrated by sperm cell head
  • If not penetrated, oocyte -> ovum + 2nd polar body
  • Dissolution of nuclear membranes -> pronuclei
  • Syngamy: Fusion of pronuclei ovum (haploid) + sperm cell (haploid) -> zygote (diploid)
  • Meiosis 2 of 1st polar body -> 2 haploid polar bodies
  • Before these events can occur, secondary oocyte must first be released from ovary
86
Q

Ovulation

A

=Process where the Graafian follicle ruptures & discharges a secondary oocyte
-Occurs on Day 14 due to LH Surge

87
Q

LH Surge

A
  • Occurs due to increased estrogen via a positive feedback mechanism
  • Anterior pituitary releases LH
  • Hypothalamus GnRH -> Increased LH Release
  • Lasts 2 days
88
Q

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

A

=Remnant of Graafian follicle

  • Becomes corpus luteum
  • Secretes mostly progesterone & some estrogen; leads to decreased LH & GnRH release
89
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

=Remnant of corpus hemorrhagicum

  • Has a life expectancy of 10-14 days if no pregnancy occurs (turns into corpus albicans)
  • If pregnancy occurs, LH is replaced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
90
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A
  • Maintains corpus luteum -> Continued progesterone, estrogen, inhibin & relaxin outputs
  • P & E maintain uterine endometrial lining -> conceptus (blastocyst) remains anchored
  • Eventually, placenta begins to make P & E to maintain the pregnancy, then, corpus luteum -> corpus albicans
  • W/o implantation -> No HCG -> No P & E -> Menstruation
91
Q

RU486 (mifepristone)

A

A progesterone receptor blocker

92
Q

Menopause

A
  • At age 45-50 years, ovaries stop responding to FSH & LH
  • No more follicles produced
  • Menstruation ceases
93
Q

Uterine Tubes

A

=AKA “Fallopian Tubes”/”Oviducts”

  • Main function is to transport spermatozoa, secondary oocyte or possibly zygote
  • Also the normal site of fertilization
  • Secondary oocyte must encounter viable sperm within 12-24 hours of ovulation
  • Zygote/embryo propelled by cilia & peristalsis towards uterus (undergoes “cleavage” -> morula -> enters lumen of uterus -> blastocyst)
94
Q

Histology of the Uterine Tubes (3 Parts)

A
  1. Mucosa: Simple ciliated columnar epith. + Peg cells (nonciliated cells that secrete a fluid for nourishing the ovum)
  2. Muscularis: Inner layer = circular smooth; Outer layer = longitudinal smooth
  3. Serosa: The serous outer membrane
95
Q

4 Parts of the Uterine Tubes

A
  1. Fimbriae: Finger-like ends of the uterine tubes
  2. Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped portion of the tubes
  3. Ampulla: The longest portion
  4. Isthmus: The more medial, short, narrow portion joining the uterus
96
Q

Uterus

A

=Inverted pear-shaped organs which normally display anteflexion (bending forward)

  • Retroflexion = uterus tipped backwards
  • 4 supporting ligaments: broad, cardinal uterosacral & round
97
Q

Uterine Prolapse

A

Sagging of the uterus into the vagina; caused by weakening of ligaments & pelvic floor muscles

98
Q

4 Parts of the Uterus

A
  1. Fundus: Dome-shaped portion, superior to uterine tubes
  2. Body: Tapering, central portion
  3. Isthmus: Region between body and cervix
  4. Cervix: Inferior narrow portion, opens into vagina
99
Q

4 Parts of the Cervix

A
  1. External Os: Opening from cervical canal into vagina
  2. Cervical Canal: Interior of the cervix
  3. Internal Os: Opening from cervical canal into the uterine cavity
  4. Cervical Mucus: Protects & nourishes sperm cells + begins sperm capacitation (increasing motility & destablilizing head membrane)
100
Q

3 Uterine Layers

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
101
Q

Perimetrium (Uterus)

A

Outer serosa of the uterus

102
Q

Myometrium (Uterus)

A

=Middle smooth muscle layer

  • Near parturition, estrogen -> Prostaglandin synthesis -> early myometrial contractions
  • Oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions eject infant from uterus
103
Q

Endometirum (Uterus)

A

=Inner glandular uterine mucosa

  • Blastocyst implantation -> Pregancy
  • Components: Simple ciliated columnar epith., lamina propria & endometrial glands
104
Q

2 Layers of the Endometrium

A
  1. Stratum Functionalis: Lines uterine cavity & sloughs off during menstruation
  2. Stratum Basalis: Gives rise to new functionalis layer after each menstruation
105
Q

5 Functions of the Uterus

A
  1. Sperm transportation
  2. Menstruation
  3. Blastocyst implantation
  4. Development site of embryo-fetus
  5. Labor
106
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove part/all of the uterus

107
Q

Uterine Blood Supply

A

Abdominal aorta -> Common Iliac artery ->Internal Iliac artery -> Uterine artery -> Arcuate artery -> Radial artery -> Straight arterioles & Spiral arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules of stratum functionalis & basalis -> Radial veins -> Arcuate veins -> Uterine veins -> Internal Iliac veins -> Common Iliac veins -> Inferior vena cava

108
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A

=Ovarian + Uterine Cycles

  • Uterine Cycle = Menstrual cycle
  • Ovarian changes -> variation in levels of estrogen & progesterone -> endometrial changes
  • Function: to prepare endometrium for possible pregnancy
109
Q

3 Phases of the Ovarian Cycle

A
  1. Follicular Phase: Follicles secrete estrogen
  2. Ovulation: Discharge of secondary oocyte (Day 14)
  3. Luteal Phase: Estrogen & progesterone increase, if no pregnancy, menstruation occurs
110
Q

3 Phases of the Uterine Cycle

A
  1. Mensturation
  2. Pre-ovulatory Phase
  3. Post-ovulatory Phase
111
Q

Menstruation

A
  • AKA “Menses”; occurs on days 1-5 due to decreased progesterone & estrogen
  • Ovarian events: FSH -> Follicle development
  • Uterine events: Stratum functionalis is shed, decreased P & E -> prostaglandin release > Spiral arteriole vasospasm -> Ischemic necrosis
  • Stratum basalis is not shed
112
Q

Pre-ovulatory Phase

A
  • AKA “Proliferative Phase”
  • Ovarian events: Secondary follicles -> Increased E & inhibin -> Decreased FSH -> Slowing follicle development or atresia (but Graafian follicle not affected)
  • Uterine events: Stratum basalis -> New stratum functionalis
113
Q

5 Signs of Ovulation

A
  1. Increased basal temperature
  2. Clear, elastic cervical mucus
  3. External cervical os opens
  4. Mittelscherz (“Ovulation Pain”)
  5. Increased urinary LH
114
Q

Post-Ovulatory Phase (Ovarian Events)

A
  • Days 15-28, blood levels of P increase, then decrease (if no pregnancy)
  • Graafian remnants -> Corpus hemorrhagicum -> Corpus luteum
  • W/o fertilization and implantation, corpus luteum degenerates -> corpus albicans (signals menstrual slough)
  • W/ fertilization and implantation, corpus luteum persists due to hCG
115
Q

Post-Ovulatory Phase (Uterine Events)

A
  • Endometrium thickens
  • Endometrial glands grow, coil & secrete glycogen
  • Increased tissue fluid
  • Vascularization of stratum functionalis
  • If no pregnancy -> corpus luteum breakdown -> decreased E & P levels -> Prostaglandin release -> Vasospasm -> Endometrial breakdown -> Menstruation
116
Q

Vagina

A

=Mucous-membrane-lined tube

-Fornix = A recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

117
Q

4 Functions of the Vagina

A
  1. Birth canal
  2. Female copulatory organ
  3. Passageway for sperm
  4. Passageway for menstrual flow
118
Q

Histology of the Vagina (3 Parts)

A
  1. Mucosa: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epith. + areolar CT; rugae = transverese folds of mucosa; acid pH caused by organic acids from glycogen breakdown
  2. Muscularis: Inner layer = longitudinal; outer layer = circular
  3. Adventitia: Superficial layer, made of areolar CT
119
Q

Vulva (6 Parts)

A

=External female genitalia

  1. Mons pubis
  2. Labia minora
  3. Labia majora
  4. Clitoris
  5. Vestibule
  6. Bulb of vestibule
120
Q

Mons Pubis

A

Fat pad cushioning the pubic symphysis

121
Q

Labia Minora

A
  • Homologous to male spongy urethra (Female equivalent)

- Smaller skin folds medial to the labia majora

122
Q

Labia Majora

A
  • Homologous to male scrotum

- Two longitudinal skin folds

123
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Homologous to male glans penis
  • Has a prepuce, erectile shaft & glans
  • Small cylindrical mass composed of small erectile bodies
124
Q

Vestibule (Vulva)

A
  • Homologous to male intermediate urethra

- Has 3 main parts

125
Q

3 Parts of the Vestibule (Vulva)

A
  1. Hymen
  2. Urethral & vaginal orifices
  3. Openings of ducts of Skene’s paraurethral glands & Bartholin’s greater vestibular glands
126
Q

Skene’s Paraurethral Glands

A

Homologous to male prostate; secrete mucous

127
Q

Bartholin’s Greater Vestibular Glands

A

Homologous to male Bulbourethral glands; produce mucous during sexual arousal

128
Q

Bulb of Vestibule

A

-Homologous to male bulb of penis & corpus spongiosum
-Made of elongated masses of erectile tissue
-Function: Becomes engorged w/ blood during sexual
arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse

129
Q

Perineum

A
  • Diamond-shaped space containing anus & external genitalia
  • Urogenital triangle = anterior half
  • Anal triangle = posterior half
130
Q

Episiotomy

A

Incision fo perineal tissues made prior to delivery

131
Q

Mammary Glands

A

=Modified sudoriferous glands located over the pectoralis major muscles

  • Coopers suspensory ligaments run between he skin & fascia to support the breasts
  • Lobes = Compartments separated by adipose tissue
  • Lobules = Smaller compartments found within each lobe
  • Alveoli = Grape-like clusters of of milk-secreting glands within the lobules
132
Q

Alveoli Pathway (Mammary Glands)

A

-Secretory alveoli -> Secondary tubules -> Mammary ducts -> Lactiferous sinuses -> Lactiferous ducts -> Nipple

133
Q

Areola

A

Skin surrounding the nipple

134
Q

Myoepithelial Cells

A

Cells that surround the alveoli and propel milk towards the nipples

135
Q

Milk Secretion

A
  • Prolactin is main hormone responsible
  • High E & P during pregnancy prevented milk production
  • At parturition, milk production begins
136
Q

Colostrum

A
  • A form of milk produced by the mammary glands

- Rich in carbohydrates, lactoferrin, antibodies, etc.

137
Q

Milk Ejection

A
  • Oxytocin is main hormone responsible
  • Child suckling -> Milk ejection (“let down” reflex)
  • Stimulate myoepithelial cells
138
Q

Fybrocystic Breast Disease

A
  • Accumulation of fluid-filled cysts in alveoli

- Occurs due to decreased progesterone or increased estrogen

BIOL1191 (13 decks)

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