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BIOL1191 > Chapter 26 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

2 Main Functions of the Urinary System

A
  1. Osmotic Regulation = Regulating osmotic pressure of H20 & other body fluids
  2. Elimination of nitrogenous & other wastes
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2
Q

4 Different Types of Nitrogenous Wastes

A
  1. Amino Acids
  2. Ammonia
  3. Urea
  4. Uric Acid
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3
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • 4 Uses:
    1. Protein synthesis
    2. ATP synthesis
    3. Gluconeogenesis
    4. Fat synthesis
  • Amine (NH2) groups must be removed before 2, 3, or 4
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4
Q

Ammonia

A
  • NH2 groups + hydrogen = Ammonia (NH3)
  • Very toxic
  • Excreted by fish & amphibians
  • NH3 + H20 -> NH4+ + OH- = ammonium hydroxide
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5
Q

Urea

A

-Main nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals
-Less toxic than ammonia
-Synthesis requires significant amounts of energy
-Is an amino acid
*Liver urea cycle:
CO2 + 2NH3 + ATP -> Urea + H2O

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6
Q

Uric Acid

A
  • Excreted by birds, reptiles & insects
  • Relatively non-toxic
  • Low water-solubility
  • Synthesis is energy-demanding
  • Nucleic acid metabolism: purines (G & A) -> xanthine hypoxanthine -> uric acid
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7
Q

4 Components of the Human Urinary System

A
  1. Kidneys (pair)
  2. Ureters (pair)
  3. Urinary Bladder
  4. Urethra
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8
Q

Kidneys

A
  • Shaped like kidney-beans

- Location: paravertebral & retroperitoneal; below diaphragm

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9
Q

3 Layers Surrounding Kidneys

A
  1. Renal Capsule: Around outside of kidney
  2. Adipose Capsule: Surrounds renal capsule
  3. Renal Fascia: CT outside of adipose capsule
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10
Q

Hilum

A

Concave depression at center of kidney

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11
Q

Nephroptosis

A
  • AKA “Floating Kidney”
  • Occurs due to weakening of renal fascia & adipose tissue
  • Can lead to hydronephrosis
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12
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Atrophy of the kidneys, leading to renal failure

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13
Q

3 Areas of the Kidney

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pelvis
    * All 3 are composed of parenchyma & supporting stroma
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14
Q

Renal Cortex

A
  • Granular outer & juxtamedullary areas

- Composed of renal columns

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15
Q

Renal Medulla

A
  • Striated, located in the middle area

- Composed of renal pyramids

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16
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • Hollow, inner area for urine collection (via minor calyces)
  • Renal sinus = fat-filled cavity
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17
Q

8 Functions of the Kidneys

A
  1. Regulates blood & ECF electrolytes
  2. Regulates blood volume
  3. Regulates blood pH
  4. Removes toxic wastes & foreign substances from blood
  5. Regulates blood pressure
  6. Maintains blood osmolarity
  7. Produce hormones (calcitriol, EPO)
  8. Helps regulate blood glucose via glycogenolysis, glycogenesis & gluconeogenesis
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18
Q

Nephrons

A
  • Functional units of the kidneys

- 2 main components

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19
Q

2 Main Components of the Nephrons

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle

2. Renal Tubule

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20
Q

Renal Corpuscle (2 Parts)

A
  1. Bowman’s Capsule

2. Glomerulus

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21
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • AKA “Glomerular Capsule”
  • Cuplike structure, which receives glomerular filtrate
  • 2 Layers: visceral layer & parietal layer
  • Capsular Space/ “Bowman’s Space” = Space between visceral & parietal layers; receives glomerular filtrate
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22
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary tuft surrounded by visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

Filtration Membrane of the Glomerulus (3 Parts)

A
  1. Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium
  2. Glomerular Basement Membrane
  3. Slit Membrane
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24
Q

Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium

A
  • Permeable to plasma components

- Contains mesangial cells; regulate the surface area available for filtration

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25
Q

Glomerular Basement Membrane

A
  • Impermeable to larger proteins

- Heparan sulfate prevents passage of albumin into urinary filtrate

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26
Q

Slit Membrane

A
  • Supported by filtration slits, formed by pedicels of podocytes
  • Impermeable to medium-sized proteins
  • Albumin may penetrate, if not already excluded by heparan sulfate
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27
Q

Renal Tubule (4 Parts)

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  2. Nephron Loop
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
  4. Connecting Tubule
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28
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • Part of renal tubule close to renal corpuscle

- Made of simple cuboidal cells w/ long apical microvilli (For increased surface area)

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29
Q

Nephron Loop

A
  • Consists of descending & ascending limbs
  • Descending limb & proximal thin portion of ascending limb = simple squamous epith.
  • Thick portion of ascending limb (TAL) = cuboidal & columnar epith.
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30
Q

Macula Densa

A

Area where TAL contacts afferent arteriole

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31
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) Cells

A

Cells that secrete renin

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32
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A
  • Composed of macula densa + JG cells

- Helps regulate blood pressure

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33
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • Part of renal tubule distant from renal corpuscle

- Composed of cuboidal epithelium

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34
Q

Connecting Tubule

A

Links nephron to collecting duct

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35
Q

2 Cell Types in Connecting Tubule & Collecting Duct

A
  1. Principal Cells: Aldosterone-sensitive & ADH-sensitive cells
  2. Intercalated Cells w/ H+ ATP=ase pumps
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36
Q

2 Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical Nephrons

2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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37
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A
  • 80-85% of all nephrons
  • Glomeruli + PCT + DCT + CT in outer 1/3 of cortex
  • Short nephron loops
  • Peritubular capillary network (arises from efferent arteriole); surrounds loops
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38
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A
  • Enable concentration of urine
  • Glomeruli + PCT + DCT + CT near cortical-medullary boundary
  • Long nephron loops -> almost to renal papillae
  • Loops surrounded by long vasa recta
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39
Q

Collecting Ducts

A
  • Have cortical & medullary segments
  • Consist of principal & intercalated cells
  • Several CTs link to a single CD in the cortex
  • CD conducts urine to papillary duct -> renal pelvis
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40
Q

Renal Pyramids

A
  • Cone-shaped, striated kidney areas
  • Inverted pyramid shape
  • Striations = nephron loops, CDs & papillary ducts; converge on a minor renal calyx
  • Several Minor Calyces -> a Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder
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41
Q

Renal Columns

A

Cortex between renal pyramids

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42
Q

Renal Papilla

A

Apex of renal pyramid

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43
Q

Renal Lobe

A

Renal pyramid + overlying cortex + 1/2 of two adjacent renal columns

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44
Q

Overview of Renal “Plumbing”

A
  • 1 mil. nephrons/kidney
  • 10 nephrons/collecting duct
  • 100k collecting ducts/kidney
  • 250 collecting ducts/papillary duct
  • 30 papillary ducts/renal papilla
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45
Q

Nephrons’ Blood Supply

A

Aorta -> R & L Renal Artery -> Segmental arteries -> Interlobar arteries -> Arcuate arteries -> Cortical Radiate arteries -> Afferent Arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent Arteriole -> Peritubular Capillary network (including vasa recta) -> Cortical Radiate veins -> Arculate veins -> Interlobar veins -> Segmental veins -> R & L Renal Vein -> Inferior Vena Cava

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46
Q

3 Processes of Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration (F)
  2. Tubular Reabsorption (R)
  3. Tubular Secretion (S)
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47
Q

Rate of Urinary Excretion of a Solute

A

Filtration Rate + Secretion Rate - Reabsorption Rate

48
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure causes small water-soluble molecules move into Bowman’s space -> glomerular filtrate
  • Blood cells & most plasma proteins usually excluded from glomerular filtrate by the 3 part filtration membrane
  • Daily volume of glomerular filtrate = 150 - 180 L
  • Urine volume/day = 1-2 L
49
Q

Filtration Fraction

A
  • Percentage of plasma volume entering afferent arteriole that becomes glomerular filtrate
  • Normal: 16 -20%
  • FF Increased in glomerulonephritis
50
Q

Determinants of Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

A
  1. Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)
  2. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
  3. Blood Colloidal Osmotic PRessure (BCOP)
51
Q

Equation of NFP

A

NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP

*Normally, GBHP = 55mmHg, CHP = 15mmHg, BCOP = 30 mmHg; NFP = 10 mmHg

52
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A
  • Total volume of filtrate produced by renal corpuscles of the two kidneys in one minute
  • Approx. 125 mL/min (males)
  • Approx. 105 mL/min (females)
  • To maintain homeostasis, GFR should remain fairly constant over a wide range of arterial pressures
  • If too fast, essential solutes lost in urine
  • If too slow, excess solutes & wastes reabsorbed into blood
53
Q

NFP Changes

A
  • Lead to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Glomerulonephritis -> Decreased BCOP -> Increased NFP -> Increased GFR
  • Hemorrhage/shock -> Decreased BP -> Decreased GBHP -> Decreased NFP -> Decreased GFR
  • Nephrolithiasis -> Increased CHP -> Decreased NFP -> Decreased GFR
54
Q

3 Methods of GFR Regulation

A
  1. Renal Autoregulation
  2. Hormonal Regulation
  3. Neural Regulation
55
Q

Renal Autoregulation

A

-Ability of kidneys to maintain a constant BP & GFR despite changes in systemic blood pressure

56
Q

2 Mechanisms of Renal Autoregulation

A
  1. Myogenic Mechanism

2. Tubulo-glomerular Feedback Mechanism

57
Q

Myogenic Mechanism

A

Increased BP -> Increased renal blood flow & glomerular blood flow -> Increased GFR & Afferent arteriole stretch -> VC -> Decreased GBF & RBF -> Decreased GFR

58
Q

Tubulo-glomerular Feedback Mechanism

A

Decreased BP -> Decreased NFP & GFR -> Decreased tubular flow rate -> PCT & Loop of Henle reabsorb more salt & H2O -> Decreased [Na+] in fluid seen by macula densa of JGA -> Increased NO release -> Vasodilation -> Increased glomerular blood flow -> Increased NFP & GFR -> Increased [Na+]

59
Q

2 Hormones for Hormonal GFR Regulation

A
  1. Angiotensin 2

2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

60
Q

Angiotensin 2

A

Goes to afferent arteriole VC -> Decreased renal blood flow & glomerular blood flow -> Decreased GFR -> Decreased tubular flow rate -> Increased salt & H2O reabsorption in PCT & nephron loop -> Increased blood pressure

61
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (GFR Regulation)

A

Cause increased blood volume -> Increased atrial wall stretch -> ANP release -> Relaxation of mesangial cells -> Increased glomerular surface area -> Increased GFR (salt & H2O excretion -> Decreased blood volume)

62
Q

Neural Regulation of GFR

A
  • In fight/flight, sympathetic VC fibers -> decreased glomerular blood flow & decreased GFR
  • Leads to decreased urine output & increased blood to muscles, heart & brain
  • Also, decreased GFR -> Decreased tubular flow rate -> PCT & nephron loop reabsorb more salt & H2O -> Increased salt & H2O in blood -> Increased BP
63
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A
  • To maintain homeostasis, H2O, nutrients, ions, etc must be selectively reabsorbed from urinary filtrate to blood
  • Occurs mostly in PCT
  • Active or passive transport
  • 2 reabsorption routes: transcellular & paracellular
  • PCT cells: lumenal microvilli & many mitochondria
64
Q

Transport Maximum

A

Maximum amount of substance reabsorbed per unit time

*Example: Glycosuria in diabetes mellitus -> Osmotic diuresis -> Polyuria

65
Q

Obligatory H2O Reabsorption

A

When H2O follows reabsorbed solutes, primarily glucose & Na+ due to osmotic gradients that are created between the filtrate and the ICF of the renal tubular cells

66
Q

Facultative H2O Reabsorption

A

When the permeability of the DCT and CD cells to H2O is directly controlled by ADH

67
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Process that adds non-filtered wastes to tubular fluid (e.g. ions, toxins drugs, nitrogenous wastes)

68
Q

PCT (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A
  • “Early” PCT sites use Na+ symporters
  • Na+/H+ antiporters are also used
  • HCO3- ions are reabsorbed
  • H2O reabsorption in “early” PCT -> reabsorption of ions & urea in “late” PCT
  • Urea & NH3 are nitrogenous wastes that are reabsorbed
69
Q

Aquaporin-1

A
  • Water pores

- Found in the PCT

70
Q

Nephron Loop (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A
  • Fluid is still isotonic
  • Thin descending limb of nephron loop is permeable to H2O but impermeable to solute
  • Thin & thick ascending limbs are impermeable to H2O but permeable to solute
  • Different sites for electrolyte & H2O reabsorption -> independent regulation of urinary volume & urinary osmolarity
  • TAL has a Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter
  • K+ leaks back into tubular lumen -> interstitial fluid becomes negatively charged, attracting Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 from the lumen into the interstitial fluid
  • Since TAL is H2O impermeable, electrolyte reabsorption -> fluid osmolarity drops
71
Q

“Early DCT” (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A
  • Na+/Cl- symporters found in early DCT

- Also site of PTH-stimulated Ca+2 reabsorption

72
Q

“Late DCT” (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A

2 Cell Types for Reabsorption & Secretion:

    1. Aldosterone-sensitive Principal Cells
    1. Intercalated Cells
73
Q

Aldosterone-sensitive Principal Cells (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A
  • Unequally “exchange” Na+ for K+
  • This mechanism = apical membrane Na+ & K+ leak channels
  • Main mechanism for eliminating excess K+ ions
  • ADH-sensitivity -> Increased H2O reabsorption
74
Q

Intercalated Cells (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A

Reabsorb K+ & HCO3- and secrete H+

75
Q

2 Tests for Evaluating Kidney Function

A
  1. Urinalysis

2. Blood Tests

76
Q

Urinalysis

A

Tests used to analyze urine composition

77
Q

3 Factors Analyzed in Blood Tests

A
  1. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
  2. Plasma Creatinine
  3. Renal Plasma Clearance
78
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

Increased levels of BUN is a diagnosis for certain kidney diseases

79
Q

Plasma Creatinine

A
  • Breakdown of skeletal muscle creatine phosphate

- If creatine rises . 1.5 mg/dL -> Poor renal function

80
Q

Renal Plasma Clearance

A
  • Reflects ability of kidneys to remove a specific substance from blood
  • Renal plasma clearance affected by filtration, reabsorption & secretion
  • Normal renal plasma clearance of glucose = 0mL/min
  • Renal plasma clearance of urea = 70mL/min
  • Renal plasma clearance of a filtered substance (which is not reabsorbed/secreted) approximates the GFR
  • Renal plasma clearance of creatinine = 120-140mL/min
  • Renal plasma clearance of insulin = 125 mL/min
81
Q

Equation for Renal Plasma Clearance

A
  • U = Urinary concentration of a substance (mg/mL)
  • P = Plasma concentration of a substance (mg/mL)
  • V = Urine flow rate (mL/min)
  • U x V / P (in mL/min)
82
Q

Mechanisms for Control of Rena H2O Excretion

A
  • 90% obligatory H2O reabsorption (linked to solute reabsorption)
  • 10% facultative H2O reabsorption (ADH-regulated in CT & CD)
83
Q

Counter-current Mechanism

A
  • Required to excrete very hypertonic urine
  • Fluid flows in parallel tubes in opposite directions
  • Exchange of H2O & solutes between tubes & slow flow rate (both have similar compositions)
  • Seen in vasa recta
  • Occurs due to juxtamedullary nephrons & vasa recta
  • This mechanism -> kidneys able to excrete iso-osmolar, hypo-osmolar, hyper-osmolar urine
84
Q

2 Components of Counter-current Mechanism

A
  1. Counter-current Multiplier

2. Counter-current Exchanger

85
Q

Counter-current Multiplier (CCM)

A

=Ascending & descending limbs of nephron loops of J-M nephrons

  • Thich Ascending Limb = impermeable to H2O, actively transports NaCl via lumenal Na+/K+/2Cl- co-porter
  • Descending Limb = H2O permeable & solute impermeable
86
Q

Physiology of CCM (7 Steps)

A
  1. Na+ & Cl- pumped out of TAL into peritubular fluid
  2. Osmolarity of peritubular fluid increases near descending limb
  3. H2O flows from descending limb to peritubular fluid
  4. Increased [solute] in descending limb
  5. Very concentrated solution accumulates in ascending limb -> Increased NaCL transport into peritubular fluid (medullary concentration gradient: 300-1,200 mOsmol/L)
  6. Urea recycling in deep medulla reinforces salt gradient
  7. Hypotonic fluid arrives at DCT
87
Q

Counter-current Exchanger

A
  • Vasa recta = capillaries running parallel w/ nephron loops of J-M nephrons
  • Vasa recta maintain medullary concentration gradient while delivering nutrient blood supply
  • Vasa recta has very slow blood flow + freely permeable to H2O & salt; leads to complete equilibrium between blood & interstitial fluid
  • As blood flows into inner medulla, H2O lost & salt gained
  • As blood flows back toward the cortex, H2O gained & salt lost
  • Removal of solutes & H2O by vasa recta balances rates of solute & H2O reabsorption by tubule; leads to medullary concentration gradient protected & reabsorbed H2O/solutes returned to general circulation
88
Q

2 Benefits of the CCM

A
  1. Method for reabsorbing solutes/H2O before the fluid reaches CT & CD
  2. Concentration gradient in medulla allow ADH-dependent H2O reabsorption from CT & CD
89
Q

ADH & H2O Reabsorption

A
  • ADH -> Increased CT & CD permeability to H2O (due to insertion of aquaporin-2)
  • H2O uptake is osmotically-driven through these H2O channels, and would not occur w/o the presence of salt gradient set up in the medullary intestitium by the CCM
  • If blood osmotic pressure increases -> ADH release by posterior pituitary
  • If blood osmotic pressure decreases -> No ADH released -> diuresis (increased urine output)
90
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Diabetes caused by lack of ADH, causing polyuria, leading to excessive H2O loss

91
Q

5 Drugs Affecting H2O Balance

A
  1. Ethanol: Inhibits ADH secretion -> diuresis
  2. Caffeine: Inhibits Na+ reabsorption by renal tubule
  3. Furosemide: Blocks Na+/K+/2Cl- co-porter of TAL
  4. Thiazides: Block Na+/Cl- symporter in DCT
  5. IV mannitol: Blocks PCT Na+ uptake
    * Diuretic drugs = hypertensive; lead to increased urine, decreased blood volume & pressure
92
Q

4 Hormonal Regulators of Reabsorption & Secretion

A
  1. ADH (Covered in ADH & Reabsorption)
  2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
  3. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  4. Parathyroid Hormone
93
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) System (4 Steps)

A
  1. Release of renin by JGA
  2. Renin converts Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiontensin I -> Angiotensin II
  4. Vasoconstriction, increased Na+ reabsorption + increased aldosterone release by adrenal cortex
    * Activated by hemorrhaging, Na+ deficiency, or dehydration
    * System works to increase BP back to normal levels
    * Hypertension may result if mechanism defective -> continual stimulation of RAA system
94
Q

Aldosterone & Kidneys

A
  • Aldosterone = adrenal cortex hormone (mineralocorticoid)
  • Function Na+ & K+ homeostasis
  • Mechanism: Principal cells of the CT & CD reabsorb Na+ & secrete K+ due to aldosterone-inducible insertion of channels & pumps)
  • Since [Na+] > [K+] -> lumenal negative potential -> H+ pumping by intercalated cells of CT & CD to re-establish charge balance
  • Mechanism produces what looks like Na+ for K+ or H+ exchange
  • Leads to increased blood Na+, increased Cl- & H2O reabsorption & increased blood volume & pressure
95
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (Reabsorption & Secretion)

A
  • Increased blood volume -> atrial release of ANP -> decreased blood volume via:
    1. ANP -> mesangial cell relaxation -> increased glomerular capillary surface available for pressure filtration -> increased GFR
    2. Inhibition of PCT & CD Na+ H2O reabsorption
    3. Inhibition of aldosterone & ADH Secretion
96
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Decreased blood Ca+2 levels -> PTH release -> increased reabsorption of Ca+2 in DCT
  • PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in PCT
97
Q

3 Processes of Blood pH Regulation

A
  1. H+ secretion
  2. HCO3- reabsorption
  3. HCO3- secretion
  • Acidic blood -> 1 & 2 increases + 3 decreases
  • Basic blood -> 1 & 2 decreases + 3 increases
98
Q

Kidney Dialysis

A

Treatment of temporary or permanent renal failure

99
Q

2 Types of Kidney Dialysis

A
  1. Hemodialysis

2. Peritoneal Dialysis

100
Q

Hemodialysis

A
  • Patient’s heparinized blood is passed through a semipermeable membranous tube in contact w/ dialysate
  • Substances in high concentration in blood move into the dialysate
  • 50-250 g urea can be removed by 4-6 hour dialysis treatment
  • Done 2-3 times/week
101
Q

6 Drawbacks of Hemodialysis

A
  1. Anticoagulant use
  2. Hemolysis
  3. Infection risk & possible septicemia
  4. Restriction of dietary fluid & protein
  5. Time consuming
  6. Loss of nutrients, hormones, etc.
102
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A
  • Dialysis fluid is run into peritoneal cavity
  • Peritoneal membranes = dialysis membrane
  • 4-5 exchanges/day (each exchange = 4=6 hours)
  • Drawback: peritonitis
103
Q

Ureters

A
  • Retroperitoneal tubes from kidneys -> urinary bladder

- Function: Transport urine from kidney to bladder via peristaltic contractions

104
Q

3 Layers of the Ureters

A
  1. Mucosa: Transitional epithelium + goblet cells + lamina propria
  2. Muscularis: Smooth muscle (inner longitudinal + outer circular); causes peristalsis
  3. Adventitia: Fibrous outer coat
105
Q

Vesico-uretal Sphincters

A
  • Long intra-mural segment = a good valve; as bladder fills, ureter compressed closed
  • Short intra-mural segment = a poor valve
  • If sphincter defective, ascending infection -> Pyelonephritis (inflammation of kidney tissue, calyces and renal pelvis)
106
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • Distensible muscular sac behind pubis symphysis
  • Function: store urine until micturition
  • 2 inlets (ureters) & 1 outlet (internal urethral orifice) -> trigone
107
Q

3 Tunics/Coats of Bladder Wall

A
  1. Mucosa: Made of transitional epithelium (changes as stored urine volume increases); has rugae (folds)
  2. Muscularis: Detrusor muscle contractions expel urine
  3. Adventitia: Has serosa = visceral peritoneum, covering top of bladder
108
Q

Cystoscopy

A

=Endoscopic exam of urethra & bladder

  • Assesses cancer & infection (biopsy of abnormal tissue)
  • Removes calculi in urolithiasis
  • Evaluates obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
109
Q

Urinary Retention

A

Failure to void completely -> stasis -> possible cystitis & possible pyelonephritis

110
Q

Bladder Atony

A

A large, dilated & non-emptying urinary bladder

111
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

Lack of voluntary control over micturition

112
Q

Micturition

A

=Urination

  • Result of relaxation of internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) & external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
  • Also involves detrusor muscle contraction
113
Q

5 Types of Urinary Incontinence

A
  1. Stress: Represents weak control of external urethral sphincter
  2. Overflow: Continuous dribble of urine released from overly full bladder
  3. Urgency: Failure to restrain urine discharge
  4. Functional: Person recognizes the need to urinate but is unable to get to the toilet
  5. Total: Return to pre-potty training state
114
Q

Urethra

A

Tube from urinary bladder to external urethral orifice

115
Q

Gender Differences Between Male & Female Urethra

A
  • Female: External urethral orifice between clitoris & vagina
  • Male: External urethral orifice opens at tip of glans penis
116
Q

3 Segments of Male Urethra

A
  1. Prostatic Urethra
  2. Intermediate Urethra
  3. Spongy Urethra; passes through penis within the corpus spongiosum
117
Q

Histology of the Urethra

A
  1. Mucosa; consists of:
    - transitional epithelium
    - stratified/pseudostratified columnar epith.
    - non-keratinized stratified squamous epith.
  2. Muscularis
    - Inner layer = circular
    - Outer layer = longitudinal
  3. Adventitia
    - Made of areolar CT

BIOL1191 (13 decks)

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