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BIOL1191 > Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

4 Principle Parts of the Brain

A
  1. Brain Stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
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2
Q

Brain Stem (3 Parts)

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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3
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Connects brain to spinal cord
  • Relays sensory & motor info
  • Autonomic regulation
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4
Q

Pons

A
  • Connects cerebellum to brain stem

- Involved in some somatic & visceral motor control

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5
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Processes visual & auditory info
  • Head movements respond to visual & auditory stimuli
  • Generates some voluntary somatic motor responses
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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

Adjusts voluntary & involuntary motor activities based on sensory data & memory

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7
Q

Diencephalon (3 Parts)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Epithalamus
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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Contains centers involved w/ emotions, autonomic function & hormone production

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9
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Relay center for sensory data (3rd order relay neurons project to the somatosensory cortex or other sensory areas of the cortex)
  • Transmits motor info from the cerebellum & basal nuclei to the primary motor cortex
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10
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Contains the pineal gland

- Involved in emotional responses to olfactory stimuli

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Supported by the diencephalon
  • Origin of thought, memory & voluntary motor functions
  • Divided into right & left hemispheres
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12
Q

3 Protections of the CNS

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
  3. Cranial & Spinal Meninges
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13
Q

3 Cranial & Spinal Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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14
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Outermost membrane; one layer around spinal cord, periosteal & meningeal layers around brain
  • Made of dense irregular connective tissue
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15
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • Web-like middle membrane
  • Thin strands attach to the pia mater
  • Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid
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16
Q

Pia Mater

A

-Innermost membrane

17
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

Venous spaces that collect venous blood & CSF

18
Q

3 Dural Membrane Extensions

A
  1. Falx Cerebri: Runs down longitudinal fissure, anchors to ethmoid bone
  2. Falx Cerebelli: Insulates the two halves of the cerebellum
  3. Tentorium Cerebelli: Seperates cerebrum from cerebellum
19
Q

2 Head Injuries for Producing Bleeding

A
  1. Epidural Hematoma: Blood between dura mater & cranial bone
  2. Subdural Hematoma: Blood between dura mater & arachnoid mater
20
Q

4 Brain Ventricles for CSF Circulation

A
  • 2 Lateral Ventricles: Each located in a brain hemisphere, separated by septum pellucidum
  • 3rd Ventricle: Located between the 2 halves of the thalamus
  • 4th Ventricle: Located between the brainstem & cerebellum
21
Q

Inter-ventricular Foramina

A
  • 2 in total

- Act as the aqueduct of the midbrain (AKA “Aqueduct of Sylvius”)

22
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (3 Main Functions)

A
  1. Mechanical Protection: Protective cushion for CNS
  2. Chemical Protection: Supplies neurons & neuroglia w/ O2 & various nutrients (e.g, Na+, K+, Cl-), also maintains optimal environment
  3. Circulatory System: Returns wastes to blood via dural venous sinuses; links brain & spinal cord to bloodstream
23
Q

3 Spaces for CSF Containment

A
  1. Subarachnoid Space
  2. Central Canal of Spinal Cord
  3. Brain Ventricles & Interconnecting Channels
24
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Leaky capillaries covered by ependymal cells

*CSF = blood water “strained” through ependymal cells

25
Q

Blood-CSF Barrier

A
  • Filters approx. 480 mL of CSF/day

- Renews CSF 3-6 times daily

26
Q

4 Steps of CSF Flow

A
  1. CSF leaves 4th ventricle through 2 lateral apertures & 1 median aperture
  2. Flows into subarachnoid space
  3. Flows into central canal of spinal cord
  4. Enters dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
    * CSF Removal must = CSF Production
27
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Abnormal accumulation of CSF within the brain
  • Blockage of CSF flow in infants = brain & head may enlarge due to CSF accumulation -> brain damage
  • CSF accumulation in older child/adult = brain cannot enlarge -> rapid ischemic brain damage
28
Q

Arterial Blood Supply to Brain (2 Arteries)

A
  1. Internal Carotid Arteries

2. Vertebral Arteries

29
Q

Venous Drainage of Brain (1 Vein)

A
  1. Internal Jugular Veins
30
Q

Hypoglycemia & the Brain

A

Severe hypoglycemia can cause:

  • Dizzines & confusion
  • Unconsciousness
  • Convulsive seizures
  • Possible coma & death
31
Q

Ischemia & The Brain

A
  • 1 to 2 mins. of low O2 leads to unconsciousness

- 4 mins. of ischemia leads to irreversible brain damage

32
Q

Circle of WIllis (AKA “Cerebral Arterial Circle”)

A
  • A ring of arteries supplying the brain & forming an anastomosis, surrounding the infundibulum
  • Union of the anterior cerebral arteries & posterior cerebral arteries
  • Anterior communicating artery & 2 posterior communicating arteries complete the Circle

BIOL1191 (13 decks)

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