Chapter 27- Walking into Freedom Land: The Civil Rights Movement

Question 1

The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination . This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women’s movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.

Answer 1

rights liberalism

Question 2

Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.

Answer 2

Congress of Racial Equality

Question 3

System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s.

Answer 3

Jim Crow

Question 4

A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.

Answer 4

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Question 5

The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans. President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report’s recommendations- including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practices Commission-into law, leading to discord in the Democratic Party.

Answer 5

To Secure These Rights

Question 6

A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party’s liberal wing and southern white Democrats.

Answer 6

State’s Rights Democratic Party

Question 7

A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.

Answer 7

American GI Forum

Question 8

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the “separate but equal” precedent established in Plessy v Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate education facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the 14th Amendment.

Answer 8

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Question 9

Yearlong boycott of Montgomery’s segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city’s African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.

Answer 9

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 10

After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed the SCLC in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.

Answer 10

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Question 11

A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. SNCC initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, SNCC expelled nonblack members and promoted “black power” and the teachings of Malcolm X.

Answer 11

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Question 12

Officially named the March on Washington for Jobs on Freedom, on August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.

Answer 12

March on Washington

Question 13

Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal. It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.

Answer 13

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Question 14

Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.

Answer 14

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Question 15

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson’s administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities’ access to the voting booth.

Answer 15

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question 16

A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey’s pan-Africanist movement in the early 20th century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.

Answer 16

black nationalism

Question 17

A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white “devils” and give the black nation justice.

Answer 17

Nation of Islam

Question 18

A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, CA, in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but the Panthers’ radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.

Answer 18

Black Panther Party

Question 19

An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the U.S. and in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories for the YLO were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.

Answer 19

Young Lords Organization

Question 20

A union of farm workers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farm workers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.

Answer 20

United Farm Workers

Question 21

Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Answer 21

American Indian Movement